Stuff You Missed in History Class

Robert-Houdin was the magician that Houdini named himself after, his story is hard to pin down, because even his own memoir is written to be entertaining, not accurate. Part one covers his early life, marriages, and beginnings in magic. 

Research:

• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Eugene-Robert-Houdin
• “How to Do the Classic Cups & Balls Trick.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVXNCMdKs-Y&t=124s
• “ROBERT-HOUDIN TRIPLE MYSTERY CLOCK.” JACQUES NÈVE HORLOGER D'ART. https://www.horloger.net/purchase-sales/mystery-clocks/74-robert-houdin-triple-mystery-clock/
• Robert-Houdin, Jean-Eugène. “Memoirs of Robert-Houdin : ambassador, author, and conjurer.” Geo. G. Evans. Philadelphia. 1859. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42916/42916-h/42916-h.htm
• Evans, Henry Ridgely (2010) "Robert-Houdin. Conjuror, Author, and Ambassador.," The Open Court: Vol. 1903 : Iss. 12 , Article 3. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ocj/vol1903/iss12/3
• “Houdin and the Arabs.” Scientific American, vol. 80, no. 13, 1899, pp. 202–202. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26121253
• “Witchcraft as Stagecraft.” New York Times. 1999. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/millennium/m1/teller.html
• Houdini, Harry. “The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin.” NEW YORK
  THE PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO. 1908. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42723/42723-h/42723-h.htm
• ONES, GRAHAM M. “Modern Magic and the War on Miracles in French Colonial Culture.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 52, no. 1, 2010, pp. 66–99. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40603072
• Fechner, Christian. “The Magic of Robert-Houdin: An Artist's Life.” Editions N.C.F.

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This 2012 episode from prior hosts Sarah and Deblina covers P.T. Barnum the circus man, museum entrepreneur, and freak show runner. Barnum attracted people to his American Museum through shrewd advertising, and he wasn't afraid of a hoax.

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Tracy and Holly talk about how the Mancini sisters episode shifted focus as Tracy was researching it, and divorce not being an option in France during their lifetimes. They also talk about the inconsistent details of accounts of the Cocoanut Grove fire.

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The tragedy at Boston’s Cocoanut Grove in 1942 is still the deadliest nightclub fire in history. The cause of the fire is still unknown; in its wake, advancements were made in fire safety and medical treatments for burn victims.

Research:

• Boston Public Library. “Great Fires of Boston: November 28, 1942.” 12/20/2021. https://guides.bpl.org/bostonfires/cocoanutgrove
• National Fire Protection Association. “The Cocoanut Grove Fire.” https://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/Staying-safe/Safety-in-living-and-entertainment-spaces/Nightclubs-assembly-occupancies/The-Cocoanut-Grove-fire
• LeBlanc, Steve and Bob Salsberg. “Worst US nightclub fire influences safety codes, burn care.” 11/28/2017. https://apnews.com/article/cd1e3a85b05e4d65bbd85fdf130f142e
• Illinois Library. “Major American Fires: Cocoanut Grove Fire.” 8/19/2022. https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=348303&p=2346975
• Boston Fire Historical Society. “The Story of the Cocoanut Grove Fire.” https://bostonfirehistory.org/the-story-of-the-cocoanut-grove-fire/
• New England Historical Society. “The Kid Wrongly Blamed for the Cocoanut Grove Fire.” https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/cocoanut-grove-fire-the-kid-wrongly-blamed/
• Fleming, Daniel J. “The Cocoanut Grove Revisited.” Prologue. Vol. 49, No. 3. Fall 2017. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/fall/cocoanut-grove
• Sweeney, Emily. “77 years later, the mystery of the Cocoanut Grove fire remains unsolved.” Boston Globe. 11/27/2019. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/11/27/the-unsolved-mystery-cocoanut-grove-fire/24YsmjPE5ruEpiaT5bev8O/story.html
• Cullen, Kevin. “Cocoanut Grove plaque shoved down the street.” Boston Globe. 7/9/2016. https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2016/07/09/cocoanut-grove-tragedy-pushed-aside-name-privacy/DEKsnSwRUDK3fF5YvPWHJK/story.html
• Rosenfeld, Eva K. “The Fire That Changed The Way We Think About Grief.” The Crimson. 11/29/2018. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/11/29/erich-lindemann-cocoanut-grove-fire-grief/
• National Fire Protection Association. “The Lingering Mystery of the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Fire.” 11/15/2019. Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYNUedVD6G8
• Grant, Casey. “Legacy of the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Fire.” WGBH Forum Network. Via YouTube. 8/21/2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UZ1_Nk-4Wk
• Reilly, William Arthur. “Report Concerning the Cocoanut Grove Fire, November 28, 1942.” 1944. https://bostonfirehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/51/2016/11/reportconcerningcocoanutgrovefire.pdf
• Saffle, Jeffrey R. “The 1942 Fire at Boston's Cocoanut Grove Nightclub.” Edgar J. Poth Memorial Lecture. American Journal of Surgery. Vol. 166. 12/1993.
• Stewart, Camille L. “The Fire at Cocoanut Grove.” Journal of Burn Care & Research. Volume 36, Number 1. January/February 2015.
• Veltfort, Helene Rank and George E. Lee. “The Cocoanut Grove Fire: A Study in Scapegoating.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 38, 1943.
• Grant, Casey C. “Last Dance at Cocoanut Grove.” NFPA Journal. November/December 2007

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Hortense and Marie Mancini tried to make a place for themselves in 17th-century Europe, defying all kinds of conventions along the way. Their lives were full of adventure and daring, but they were also both stuck in abusive marriages.  

Research:

• "Jules Mazarin." Historic World Leaders, edited by Anne Commire, Gale, 1994. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1616000407/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=68d5e2f8. Accessed 11 Oct. 2022.
• "When lesbian passions stirred at court." Times [London, England], 7 Feb. 2019, p. 3. Gale In Context: Global Issues, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A572957931/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=8ab9535e. Accessed 11 Oct. 2022.
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mancini sisters". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Dec. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mancini-sisters. Accessed 12 October 2022.
• Esslemont, Chloe. “Keeping up with the Mazarinettes.” Art UK. 1/17/2019. https://artuk.org/discover/stories/keeping-up-with-the-mazarinettes
• Ferguson, Donna. “Restoration influencer: how Charles II's clever mistress set trends ahead of her time." The Guardian.2/28/2021. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/feb/28/restoration-influencer-how-charles-iis-clever-mistress-set-trends-ahead-of-her-time
• Folger Library. “The Fabulous Mancini Sisters.” 3/13/2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sX30o5FX0Y
• Folgerpedia. “The Mancini Sisters.” https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/The_Mancini_Sisters:_Mistresses_and_Memoirists
• Goldsmith, Elizabeth C. “The Kings' Mistresses: The Liberated Lives of Marie Mancini, Princess Colonna, and Her Sister Hortense, Duchess Mazarin.” Public Affairs. 2012.
• Latour, Therese Louis. “Princesses Ladies And Adventuresses of the Reign of Louis XIV.” London. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. 1924.
• O’Rourke, John. “17th-Century Sisters the Kardashians Might Admire.” BU Today. 8/27/2012. https://www.bu.edu/articles/2012/17th-century-sisters-the-kardashians-might-admire/
• Porter, Linda. “Charles II’s last mistress.” Historia: Magazine of the Historical Writers’ Association. 4/16/2020. https://www.historiamag.com/charles-iis-last-mistress/
• Richard, Kristen. “How Italy’s ‘Runaway Duchess’ Changed How We Drink Champagne.” Wine Enthusiast. 2/11/2022. https://www.winemag.com/2022/02/11/hortense-mancini-runaway-duchess-champagne/
• Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts. “The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland: Letters and papers, 1440-1797 (v.3 mainly correspondence of the fourth Duke of Rutland). v.4. Charters, cartularies, &c. Letters and papers, supplementary. Extracts from household accounts.” Jan. 1889. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=IgoRAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-IgoRAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1

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This 2019 episode covers a woman who was the Spanish empire's most widely published poet of her time. Her work has survived until today, but not her own thoughts about much of her life.

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Tracy and Holly talk about animated shows, camping, and the items that didn't make it into the most recent Unearthed! episode. They then discuss the legacy of Pauline Johnson, and criticisms of her work that perceive it as inauthentic.

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Emily Pauline Johnson, also known as Tekahionwake, made a career writing poetry and prose and performing it onstage in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Research: 

• "Pauline Johnson." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 23, Gale, 2003. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631008167/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=90bf3cec. Accessed 5 Oct. 2022.
• Chiefswood. https://chiefswoodnhs.ca/
• Gary, Charlotte. “Flint & Feather: The Life and Times of E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake.” Harper Flamingo Canada. 2002.
• Gerson, Carole. “Postcolonialism Meets Book History: Pauline Johnson and Imperial London.” From Home-Work: Postcolonialism, Pedagogy, and Canadian Literature. University of Ottawa Press. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1ckpc18.27
• Gerson, Carole. “Rereading Pauline Johnson.” Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes, Volume 46, Number 2, Spring 2012. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515012
• Jones, Manina and Neal Ferris. “Flint, Feather, and Other Material Selves: Negotiating the Performance Poetics of E. Pauline Johnson.’ American Indian Quarterly/spring 2017/Vol. 41, No. 2.
• Mobbs, Leslie. “E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake), 1861 -1913.” https://www.vancouverarchives.ca/2013/03/07/epaulinejohnson/
• Piatote, Beth H. “Domestic Trials: Indian Rights and National Belonging in Works by E. Pauline Johnson and John M. Oskison.” American Quarterly , March 2011, Vol. 63, No. 1 (March 2011). https://www.jstor.org/stable/41237533
• Poetry Foundation. “Emily Pauline Johnson.” https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/emily-pauline-johnson
• Quirk, Linda. "Labour of love: legends of Vancouver and the unique publishing enterprise that wrote E. Pauline Johnson into Canadian Literary History." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada, vol. 47, no. 2, fall 2009, pp. 201+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A222315631/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=f22179cc. Accessed 5 Oct. 2022.
• Quirk, Linda. "Skyward floating feather: a publishing history of E. Pauline Johnson's Flint and Feather." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada, vol. 44, no. 1, spring 2006, pp. 69+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A146635929/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=e93105ca. Accessed 5 Oct. 2022.
• Robinson, Amanda. "Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake)". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 24 January 2020, Historica Canada. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pauline-johnson. Accessed 06 October 2022.
• Rogers, Janet. “E. Pauline Johnson Research at the NMAI, by Janet Rogers.” Via YouTube. 6/29/2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmdBN-m_ZNI
• Rose, Marilyn J. “Johnson, Emily Pauline.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 1998. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/johnson_emily_pauline_14E.html
• Rymhs, Deena. “But the Shadow of Her Story: Narrative Unsettlement, Self-Inscription, and Translation in Pauline Johnson's Legends of Vancouver.” Studies in American Indian Literatures , Winter 2001, Series 2, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Winter 2001). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20737034 
• Salyer, Greg. “Of Uncertain Blood: Tekahionwake/E. Pauline Johnson.” The Philosophical Research Society. 3/12/2020. Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs4LctCCYHA
• Strong-Boag, Veronica and Carole Gerson. “Paddling Her Own Canoe: The Times and Texts of E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake.” University of Toronto Press. 2000.
• Van Kirk, Sylvia. “From "Marrying-In" to "Marrying-Out": Changing Patterns of Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal Marriage in Colonial Canada.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies , 2002, Vol. 23, No. 3 (2002). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347329
• VanEvery, L.M. and Janet Marie Rogers. “The Road to Your Name - Season 1, Episode 2: E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake.” January 11, 2021. Podcast. https://theroadtoyournamepodcast.transistor.fm/2
• Viehmann, Martha L. “Speaking Chinook: Adaptation, Indigeneity, and Pauline Johnson's British Columbia Stories.” Western American Literature , Fall 2012, Vol. 47, No. 3 (Fall 2012). https://www.jstor.org/stable/43023017
• Weaver, Jace. “Native American Authors and Their Communities.” Wicazo Sa Review , Spring, 1997, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Spring, 1997). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409163

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The second part of our autumn list of things that were unearthed in the recent past includes potpourri, repatriations, shipwrecks, medical finds, Viking items, and books and letters.

Research: 

• Abbott, Dennis. “Archaeologists unearth skeleton dating from Battle of Waterloo” Brussels Times. 7/13/2022. https://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/254695/archaeologists-unearth-skeleton-dating-from-battle-of-waterloo
• Amaral, Brian. “A R.I. wreck that may be Captain Cook’s Endeavour is being eaten by ‘shipworms’.” Boston Globe. 8/11/2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/08/11/metro/ri-wreck-that-may-be-captain-cooks-endeavour-is-being-eaten-by-shipworms/
• Andalou Agency. “164-square-meter Heracles mosaic found in Turkey's Alanya.” 7/26/2022. https://www.dailysabah.com/life/history/164-square-meter-heracles-mosaic-found-in-turkeys-alanya
• “Van Gogh self-portrait found hidden behind another painting.” 7/14/2022. https://apnews.com/article/hidden-van-gogh-self-portrait-b703b4391c4ec0ba5bcf381ae44a6c3b
• Banfield-Nwachi, Mabel. “Rare original copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio sells for £2m.” The Guardian. 7/22/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/jul/22/shakespeare-first-folio-sells-for-2m-at-auction
• Behrendt, Marcin. “Keep demons in the grave.” Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. 9/19/2022. https://portal.umk.pl/en/article/keep-demons-in-the-grave
• Benke, Kristopher. “Medieval mass burial shows centuries-earlier origin of Ashkenazi genetic bottleneck.” 8/30/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/963008
• Bennett-Begaye, Jourdan and Kolby KickingWoman. “Jim Thorpe's Olympic record reinstated.” Indian Country Today. https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/jim-thorpes-olympic-record-reinstated
• Bergstrøm, Ida Irene. “The last person who touched this three-bladed arrowhead was a Viking.” 8/26/2022. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-viking-age-vikings/the-last-person-who-touched-this-three-bladed-arrowhead-was-a-viking/2069302
• Bergstrøm, Ida Irene. “This gold ring once belonged to a powerful Viking Chief. It was found in a pile of cheap jewellery auctioned off online.” Science Norway. 7/8/2022. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-viking-age-vikings/this-gold-ring-once-belonged-to-a-powerful-viking-chief-it-was-found-in-a-pile-of-cheap-jewellery-auctioned-off-online/2052329
• Bir, Burak. “Historical artifact from AD 250 returns to Türkiye after 140 years.” AA. 7/1/2022. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/historical-artifact-from-ad-250-returns-to-turkiye-after-140-years/2628092
• Brewer, Graham Lee. “Search for missing Native artifacts led to the discovery of bodies stored in ‘the most inhumane way possible’.” NBC News. 9/4/2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/search-missing-native-artifacts-led-discovery-bodies-stored-inhumane-w-rcna46151
• Brownlee, Emma. “Bed Burials in Early Medieval Europe.” Medieval Archaeology. Vol. 66, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1080/00766097.2022.2065060
• Buschschlüter, Vanessa. “Pedro I: Emperor's embalmed heart arrives in Brazil.” BBC. 8/22/2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62561928
• Cardiff University. ‘Bronze Age enclosure could offer earliest clues on the origins of Cardiff.” 7/14/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-bronze-age-enclosure-earliest-clues.html
• Cheng, Lucia. “After More Than 150 Years, Sculptor Edmonia Lewis Finally Gets Her Degree.” Smithsonian. 7/20/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/sculptor-edmonia-lewis-receives-her-degree-180980429/
• Davis, Nicola. “DIY fertiliser may be behind monks’ parasite torment, say archaeologists.” The Guardian. 8/19/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/19/diy-fertiliser-may-be-behind-monk-parasite-torment-say-archaeologists-cambridge
• Dennehy, John. “UAE-led project makes groundbreaking discovery in Zanzibar's famed Stone Town.” The National News. 9/30/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2022/09/01/uae-led-project-makes-groundbreaking-discovery-in-zanzibars-famed-stone-town/
• Donn, Natasha. “Portuguese scientists discover 100,000 year old case of deafness.” 7/18/2022. https://www.portugalresident.com/portuguese-scientists-discover-100000-year-old-case-of-deafness/
• Eerkens, J.W., de Voogt, A. Why are Roman-period dice asymmetrical? An experimental and quantitative approach. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 14, 134 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01599-y
• Elis-Williams, Elinor. “Finding the ship that sent out a warning to The Titanic.” 9/26/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/965748
• Enking, Molly. “Kentucky Floods Damage Irreplaceable Appalachian Archives.” Smithsonian. 8/3/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/kentucky-floods-damage-irreplaceable-appalachian-archives-180980517/
• Fels, Tony. “What Elizabeth Johnson’s Exoneration Teaches about the Salem Witch Hunt.” History News Network. 8/22/2022. https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/183740
• Golder, Joseph. “New Technique Used to Free 1,300-Year-Old 'Ice Prince'.” Newsweek. 6/30/2022. https://www.newsweek.com/new-technique-used-free-1300-year-old-ice-prince-1720801
• Grescoe, Taras. “This miracle plant was eaten into extinction 2,000 years ago—or was it?” National Geographic. 9/23/2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/miracle-plant-eaten-extinction-2000-years-ago-silphion?loggedout=true
• Griffith University. “Massive Outback rock art site reveals ancient narrative.” Phys.org. 9/21/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-massive-outback-art-site-reveals.html
• Hauck, Grace. “How a missing foot in Borneo is upending what we've known about human history.” Phys.org. 9/7/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-foot-borneo-upending-weve-human.html
• Hussain, Abid. “Record rains in Pakistan damage Mohenjo Daro archaeological site.” MSN. 9/8/2022. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/record-rains-in-pakistan-damage-mohenjo-daro-archaeological-site/ar-AA11B0zH
• IOC News. “IOC to display the name of Jim Thorpe as sole Stockholm 1912 pentathlon and decathlon gold medallist.” 7/15/2022. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-to-display-the-name-of-jim-thorpe-as-sole-stockholm-1912-pentathlon-and-decathlon-gold-medallist
• Johnston, Chuck. “Grand jury declines to indict Carolyn Bryant Donham, the woman whose accusations led to the murder of Emmett Till.” CNN. 8/10/2022. https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2022/08/09/us/emmett-till-carolyn-bryant-no-indictment-reaj/index.html
• Katz, Brigit. “Albuquerque Museum Returns Long-Forgotten Cache of Sculptures to Mexico.” Smithsonian. 7/29/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/albuquerque-museum-returns-long-forgotten-cache-of-sculptures-to-mexico-180980501/
• Katz, Brigit. “London’s Horniman Museum Will Return Stolen Benin Bronzes to Nigeria.” Smithsonian Magazine. 8/9/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/london-horniman-museum-return-stolen-benin-bronzes-nigeria-180980541/
• Katz, Brigit. “Museum of the Bible Returns Centuries-Old Gospel Manuscript to Greece.” Smithsonian. 8/30/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/museum-of-the-bible-returns-centuries-old-gospel-manuscript-to-greece-180980670/
• Kiel University. “Examination of recently discovered wreck from the 17th century.” PhysOrg. 7/28/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-17th-century.html
• Kuta, Sarah. “Can Tree Rings Solve the Mystery of a 19th-Century American Shipwreck?” Smithsonian. 9/1/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/tree-rings-american-shipwreck-Dolphin-1859-180980676/
• Kuta, Sarah. “Man Pays $75 for Medieval Text That Could Be Worth $10,000.” Smithsonian. 9/29/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/man-pays-75-for-700-year-old-medieval-text-that-could-be-worth-10000-180980858/
• Lewsey, Fred. “Prehistoric roots of ‘cold sore’ virus traced through ancient herpes DNA.” 7/27/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/959525
• Macmillan, Jade. “Indigenous leaders bring their ancestors home after 90 years at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.” ABC. 8/3/2022. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-04/indigenous-remains-repatriated-from-smithsonian/101272318
• McEnchroe, Thomas. “Uniquely preserved medieval kitchen unearthed north of Moravia.” Radio Prague International. 8/8/2022. https://english.radio.cz/uniquely-preserved-medieval-kitchen-unearthed-north-moravia-8758128
• net. “Research from Viking latrines helps reveal the long history of a parasite.” https://www.medievalists.net/2022/09/research-from-viking-latrines-helps-reveal-the-long-history-of-a-parasite/
• net. “Site of 13th-century shipwreck to be protected.” https://www.medievalists.net/2022/07/site-of-13th-century-shipwreck-to-be-protected/
• Metcalfe, Tom. “1,000 years ago, a woman was buried in a canoe on her way to the 'destination of souls'.” LiveScience. 8/24/2022. https://www.livescience.com/indigenous-canoe-burial-argentina
• Nick J. Overton et al, Not All That Glitters is Gold? Rock Crystal in the Early British Neolithic at Dorstone Hill, Herefordshire, and the Wider British and Irish Context, Cambridge Archaeological Journal (2022). DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000142
• Nyberg, Elin. “Jewellery from grave of high status Viking woman delivered at museum’s door.” University of Stavanger. 7/9/2022. https://www.uis.no/en/research/jewellery-from-grave-of-high-status-viking-woman-delivered-at-museums-door
• Nyberg, Elin. “Unique sword casts new light on Viking voyages across the North Sea.” Phys.org. 7/18/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-unique-sword-viking-voyages-north.html
• Oltermann, Philip. “Germany hands over two Benin bronzes to Nigeria.” 7/1/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/01/germany-hands-over-two-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria
• Orie, Amarachi and Christian Edwards. “This ship tried to warn the Titanic about the iceberg. Now scientists have found its wreckage.” CNN. 9/30/2022. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/titanic-warning-ss-mesaba-irish-sea-intl-scli-scn/index.html
• Pannett, Rachel. “Scientists find evidence of oldest known surgery, from 31,000 years ago.” Washington Post. 9/7/2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/07/oldest-amputation-surgery-borneo-hunter/
• Patel, Vimal. “Last Conviction in Salem Witch Trials Is Cleared 329 Years Later.” New York Times. 7/31/2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/31/us/elizabeth-johnson-witchcraft-exoneration.html
• Peek, Madison. “A voice for their ancestors: Exhumations begin at Williamsburg’s First Baptist Church site.” Daily Press. 7/18/2022. https://www.dailypress.com/virginiagazette/va-vg-archaeology-discovery-burial-20220718-jequutuz2rbkvbrjposwovxot4-story.html
• Public Library of Science. “High-status Danish Vikings wore exotic beaver furs.” Phys.org. 7/27/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-high-status-danish-vikings-wore-exotic.html
• Rebosio, Cameron. “SLAC researchers scan 600-year-old documents for clues about first printing presses.” 8/13/2022. https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2022/08/13/slac-researchers-scan-600-year-old-documents-for-clues-about-first-printing-presses
• Recker, Jane. “Five Stolen Paintings Go on Display in Virtual Reality.” Smithsonian. 7/13/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/virtual-reality-stolen-artwork-180980389/
• Recker, Jane. “Harvard Returns Chief Standing Bear’s Pipe Tomahawk to the Ponca Tribe.” Smithsonian. 7/7/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/civil-rights-leader-standing-bears-tomahawk-returned-to-his-tribe-180980369/
• Rose, Andy. “3,000-year-old canoe found in Wisconsin’s Lake Mendota is the oldest ever found in Great Lakes region.” CNN. 9/23/2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/23/us/canoe-native-wisconsin-lake-mendota/index.html
• Scislowska, Monika. “Is Danish king who gave name to Bluetooth buried in Poland?” Phys.org. 7/31/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-danish-king-gave-bluetooth-poland.html
• Solly, Meilan. “Bones Found in Medieval Well Likely Belong to Victims of Anti-Semitic Massacre.” Smithsonian. 9/1/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/bones-found-in-medieval-well-likely-belong-to-victims-of-anti-semitic-massacre-180980692/
• Solly, Meilan. “England’s Oldest Surviving Shipwreck Is a 13th-Century Merchant Vessel.” Smithsonian. 7/26/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/englands-oldest-surviving-shipwreck-is-a-13th-century-merchant-vessel-180980474/
• Stafford, Joe. “Archaeologists carry out first dig at tomb linked to King Arthur.” 7/1/2022. https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/tomb-linked-to-king-arthur/
• Tabikha, Kamal. “Archaeologists uncover 2,600-year-old blocks of white cheese in Egypt.” Mena/The National News. 11/12/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2022/09/12/archaeologists-uncover-2600-year-old-blocks-of-white-cheese-in-egypt/
• Tamisiea, Jack. “Beloved Chincoteague ponies' mythical origins may be real.” National Geographic. 7/27/2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/famous-chincoteague-ponies-may-actually-descend-from-a-spanish-shipwreck
• Taylor & Francis Group. “More digging needed to see whether bones of fallen Waterloo soldiers were sold as fertilizer, as few human remains have ever been found.” Science Daily. 6/18/2022. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/06/220617210054.htm
• Taylor, Luke. “Evolution of lactose tolerance probably driven by famine and disease.” New Scientist. 7/272022. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2331213-evolution-of-lactose-tolerance-probably-driven-by-famine-and-disease/
• The History Blog. “1,400-year-old iron folding chair found in Bavaria.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65004
• The History Blog. “Conserving an 18th c. portrait and the waistcoat in it.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64758
• The History Blog. “Flash-frozen 7th c. boy warrior grave thawed.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64490
• The History Blog. “Getty returns unique Greek terracotta sculptural group.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64992
• The History Blog. “Hiker Finds Viking Brooch From Woman’s Burial.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64949
• The History Blog. “Roman “refrigerator” found in Bulgaria.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65258
• The History Blog. “Roman anchor retrieved from North Sea.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65211
• The History Blog. “Secrets of Vermeer’s Milkmaid revealed.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65195
• The History Blog. “Shrimp fishermen haul in wooden figurehead.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64893
• UNC University Communications. “Excavations by UNC-Chapel Hill archaeologist reveal first known depictions of two biblical heroines, episode in ancient Jewish art.” 7/5/2022. https://uncnews.unc.edu/2022/07/05/excavations-by-unc-chapel-hill-archaeologist-reveal-first-known-depictions-of-two-biblical-heroines-episode-in-ancient-jewish-art/
• University of Cincinatti. “Using science to solve a 1,300-year-old art mystery.” 9/6/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-science-year-old-art-mystery.html
• University of Helsinkin. “Human bones used for making pendants in the Stone Age.” EurekAlert. 7/4/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/957821
• Vindolanda Charitable Trust. “Instruments of War: Roman cornu mouthpiece uncovered..” 9/21/2022. https://www.vindolanda.com/news/instruments-of-war-roman-cornu-mouthpiece-uncovered.
• Whiteman, Hilary. “Somerton man mystery ‘solved’ as DNA points to man’s identity, professor claims.” CNN. 7/26/2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/26/australia/australia-somerton-man-mystery-solved-claim-intl-hnk-dst/index.html
• Wu, Tara. “Three Men Charged for Trying to Sell Stolen ‘Hotel California’ Notes and Lyrics.” Smithsonian. 7/13/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/three-men-charged-for-trying-to-sell-stolen-hotel-california-notes-and-lyrics-180980415/
• Xavier Roca-Rada et al, A 1000-year-old case of Klinefelter's syndrome diagnosed by integrating morphology, osteology, and genetics, The Lancet (2022). DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01476-3
• “5,200-year-old stone carving chrysalis found in north China.” 7/18/2022. http://www.chinaview.cn/20220718/9ff4915a83394d1089cea9e76c3f5517/c.html
• Yildiz, Kadir. “Rare 1,600-year-old writing set unearthed in Istanbul.” AA. 9/15/2022. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/rare-1-600-year-old-writing-set-unearthed-in-istanbul/2685964

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This 2011 episode covers the discriminatory laws English Catholics faced under Queen Elizabeth I and King James I, which led a group of Catholics to attempt regicide. But the plot was discovered days before the event. 

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Holly and Tracy talk about the multiple homes called the Redpath Mansion and how that confuses the story in press sometimes. They also discuss the ebb and flow of the kinds of research projects that show up in Unearthed! episodes. 

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Fall is here and so is the latest two-part edition of Unearthed! Part one includes updates, oldest things, books and letters, and a late entry into our Halloween stuff. 

Research:

• Abbott, Dennis. “Archaeologists unearth skeleton dating from Battle of Waterloo” Brussels Times. 7/13/2022. https://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/254695/archaeologists-unearth-skeleton-dating-from-battle-of-waterloo
• Amaral, Brian. “A R.I. wreck that may be Captain Cook’s Endeavour is being eaten by ‘shipworms’.” Boston Globe. 8/11/2022. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/08/11/metro/ri-wreck-that-may-be-captain-cooks-endeavour-is-being-eaten-by-shipworms/
• Andalou Agency. “164-square-meter Heracles mosaic found in Turkey's Alanya.” 7/26/2022. https://www.dailysabah.com/life/history/164-square-meter-heracles-mosaic-found-in-turkeys-alanya
• “Van Gogh self-portrait found hidden behind another painting.” 7/14/2022. https://apnews.com/article/hidden-van-gogh-self-portrait-b703b4391c4ec0ba5bcf381ae44a6c3b
• Banfield-Nwachi, Mabel. “Rare original copy of Shakespeare’s First Folio sells for £2m.” The Guardian. 7/22/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/jul/22/shakespeare-first-folio-sells-for-2m-at-auction
• Behrendt, Marcin. “Keep demons in the grave.” Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. 9/19/2022. https://portal.umk.pl/en/article/keep-demons-in-the-grave
• Benke, Kristopher. “Medieval mass burial shows centuries-earlier origin of Ashkenazi genetic bottleneck.” 8/30/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/963008
• Bennett-Begaye, Jourdan and Kolby KickingWoman. “Jim Thorpe's Olympic record reinstated.” Indian Country Today. https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/jim-thorpes-olympic-record-reinstated
• Bergstrøm, Ida Irene. “The last person who touched this three-bladed arrowhead was a Viking.” 8/26/2022. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-viking-age-vikings/the-last-person-who-touched-this-three-bladed-arrowhead-was-a-viking/2069302
• Bergstrøm, Ida Irene. “This gold ring once belonged to a powerful Viking Chief. It was found in a pile of cheap jewellery auctioned off online.” Science Norway. 7/8/2022. https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-viking-age-vikings/this-gold-ring-once-belonged-to-a-powerful-viking-chief-it-was-found-in-a-pile-of-cheap-jewellery-auctioned-off-online/2052329
• Bir, Burak. “Historical artifact from AD 250 returns to Türkiye after 140 years.” AA. 7/1/2022. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/historical-artifact-from-ad-250-returns-to-turkiye-after-140-years/2628092
• Brewer, Graham Lee. “Search for missing Native artifacts led to the discovery of bodies stored in ‘the most inhumane way possible’.” NBC News. 9/4/2022. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/search-missing-native-artifacts-led-discovery-bodies-stored-inhumane-w-rcna46151
• Brownlee, Emma. “Bed Burials in Early Medieval Europe.” Medieval Archaeology. Vol. 66, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1080/00766097.2022.2065060
• Buschschlüter, Vanessa. “Pedro I: Emperor's embalmed heart arrives in Brazil.” BBC. 8/22/2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62561928
• Cardiff University. ‘Bronze Age enclosure could offer earliest clues on the origins of Cardiff.” 7/14/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-bronze-age-enclosure-earliest-clues.html
• Cheng, Lucia. “After More Than 150 Years, Sculptor Edmonia Lewis Finally Gets Her Degree.” Smithsonian. 7/20/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/sculptor-edmonia-lewis-receives-her-degree-180980429/
• Davis, Nicola. “DIY fertiliser may be behind monks’ parasite torment, say archaeologists.” The Guardian. 8/19/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/19/diy-fertiliser-may-be-behind-monk-parasite-torment-say-archaeologists-cambridge
• Dennehy, John. “UAE-led project makes groundbreaking discovery in Zanzibar's famed Stone Town.” The National News. 9/30/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2022/09/01/uae-led-project-makes-groundbreaking-discovery-in-zanzibars-famed-stone-town/
• Donn, Natasha. “Portuguese scientists discover 100,000 year old case of deafness.” 7/18/2022. https://www.portugalresident.com/portuguese-scientists-discover-100000-year-old-case-of-deafness/
• Eerkens, J.W., de Voogt, A. Why are Roman-period dice asymmetrical? An experimental and quantitative approach. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 14, 134 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01599-y
• Elis-Williams, Elinor. “Finding the ship that sent out a warning to The Titanic.” 9/26/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/965748
• Enking, Molly. “Kentucky Floods Damage Irreplaceable Appalachian Archives.” Smithsonian. 8/3/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/kentucky-floods-damage-irreplaceable-appalachian-archives-180980517/
• Fels, Tony. “What Elizabeth Johnson’s Exoneration Teaches about the Salem Witch Hunt.” History News Network. 8/22/2022. https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/183740
• Golder, Joseph. “New Technique Used to Free 1,300-Year-Old 'Ice Prince'.” Newsweek. 6/30/2022. https://www.newsweek.com/new-technique-used-free-1300-year-old-ice-prince-1720801
• Grescoe, Taras. “This miracle plant was eaten into extinction 2,000 years ago—or was it?” National Geographic. 9/23/2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/miracle-plant-eaten-extinction-2000-years-ago-silphion?loggedout=true
• Griffith University. “Massive Outback rock art site reveals ancient narrative.” Phys.org. 9/21/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-massive-outback-art-site-reveals.html
• Hauck, Grace. “How a missing foot in Borneo is upending what we've known about human history.” Phys.org. 9/7/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-foot-borneo-upending-weve-human.html
• Hussain, Abid. “Record rains in Pakistan damage Mohenjo Daro archaeological site.” MSN. 9/8/2022. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/record-rains-in-pakistan-damage-mohenjo-daro-archaeological-site/ar-AA11B0zH
• IOC News. “IOC to display the name of Jim Thorpe as sole Stockholm 1912 pentathlon and decathlon gold medallist.” 7/15/2022. https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-to-display-the-name-of-jim-thorpe-as-sole-stockholm-1912-pentathlon-and-decathlon-gold-medallist
• Johnston, Chuck. “Grand jury declines to indict Carolyn Bryant Donham, the woman whose accusations led to the murder of Emmett Till.” CNN. 8/10/2022. https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2022/08/09/us/emmett-till-carolyn-bryant-no-indictment-reaj/index.html
• Katz, Brigit. “Albuquerque Museum Returns Long-Forgotten Cache of Sculptures to Mexico.” Smithsonian. 7/29/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/albuquerque-museum-returns-long-forgotten-cache-of-sculptures-to-mexico-180980501/
• Katz, Brigit. “London’s Horniman Museum Will Return Stolen Benin Bronzes to Nigeria.” Smithsonian Magazine. 8/9/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/london-horniman-museum-return-stolen-benin-bronzes-nigeria-180980541/
• Katz, Brigit. “Museum of the Bible Returns Centuries-Old Gospel Manuscript to Greece.” Smithsonian. 8/30/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/museum-of-the-bible-returns-centuries-old-gospel-manuscript-to-greece-180980670/
• Kiel University. “Examination of recently discovered wreck from the 17th century.” PhysOrg. 7/28/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-17th-century.html
• Kuta, Sarah. “Can Tree Rings Solve the Mystery of a 19th-Century American Shipwreck?” Smithsonian. 9/1/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/tree-rings-american-shipwreck-Dolphin-1859-180980676/
• Kuta, Sarah. “Man Pays $75 for Medieval Text That Could Be Worth $10,000.” Smithsonian. 9/29/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/man-pays-75-for-700-year-old-medieval-text-that-could-be-worth-10000-180980858/
• Lewsey, Fred. “Prehistoric roots of ‘cold sore’ virus traced through ancient herpes DNA.” 7/27/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/959525
• Macmillan, Jade. “Indigenous leaders bring their ancestors home after 90 years at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.” ABC. 8/3/2022. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-04/indigenous-remains-repatriated-from-smithsonian/101272318
• McEnchroe, Thomas. “Uniquely preserved medieval kitchen unearthed north of Moravia.” Radio Prague International. 8/8/2022. https://english.radio.cz/uniquely-preserved-medieval-kitchen-unearthed-north-moravia-8758128
• net. “Research from Viking latrines helps reveal the long history of a parasite.” https://www.medievalists.net/2022/09/research-from-viking-latrines-helps-reveal-the-long-history-of-a-parasite/
• net. “Site of 13th-century shipwreck to be protected.” https://www.medievalists.net/2022/07/site-of-13th-century-shipwreck-to-be-protected/
• Metcalfe, Tom. “1,000 years ago, a woman was buried in a canoe on her way to the 'destination of souls'.” LiveScience. 8/24/2022. https://www.livescience.com/indigenous-canoe-burial-argentina
• Nick J. Overton et al, Not All That Glitters is Gold? Rock Crystal in the Early British Neolithic at Dorstone Hill, Herefordshire, and the Wider British and Irish Context, Cambridge Archaeological Journal (2022). DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000142
• Nyberg, Elin. “Jewellery from grave of high status Viking woman delivered at museum’s door.” University of Stavanger. 7/9/2022. https://www.uis.no/en/research/jewellery-from-grave-of-high-status-viking-woman-delivered-at-museums-door
• Nyberg, Elin. “Unique sword casts new light on Viking voyages across the North Sea.” Phys.org. 7/18/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-unique-sword-viking-voyages-north.html
• Oltermann, Philip. “Germany hands over two Benin bronzes to Nigeria.” 7/1/2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/01/germany-hands-over-two-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria
• Orie, Amarachi and Christian Edwards. “This ship tried to warn the Titanic about the iceberg. Now scientists have found its wreckage.” CNN. 9/30/2022. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/titanic-warning-ss-mesaba-irish-sea-intl-scli-scn/index.html
• Pannett, Rachel. “Scientists find evidence of oldest known surgery, from 31,000 years ago.” Washington Post. 9/7/2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/07/oldest-amputation-surgery-borneo-hunter/
• Patel, Vimal. “Last Conviction in Salem Witch Trials Is Cleared 329 Years Later.” New York Times. 7/31/2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/31/us/elizabeth-johnson-witchcraft-exoneration.html
• Peek, Madison. “A voice for their ancestors: Exhumations begin at Williamsburg’s First Baptist Church site.” Daily Press. 7/18/2022. https://www.dailypress.com/virginiagazette/va-vg-archaeology-discovery-burial-20220718-jequutuz2rbkvbrjposwovxot4-story.html
• Public Library of Science. “High-status Danish Vikings wore exotic beaver furs.” Phys.org. 7/27/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-high-status-danish-vikings-wore-exotic.html
• Rebosio, Cameron. “SLAC researchers scan 600-year-old documents for clues about first printing presses.” 8/13/2022. https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2022/08/13/slac-researchers-scan-600-year-old-documents-for-clues-about-first-printing-presses
• Recker, Jane. “Five Stolen Paintings Go on Display in Virtual Reality.” Smithsonian. 7/13/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/virtual-reality-stolen-artwork-180980389/
• Recker, Jane. “Harvard Returns Chief Standing Bear’s Pipe Tomahawk to the Ponca Tribe.” Smithsonian. 7/7/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/civil-rights-leader-standing-bears-tomahawk-returned-to-his-tribe-180980369/
• Rose, Andy. “3,000-year-old canoe found in Wisconsin’s Lake Mendota is the oldest ever found in Great Lakes region.” CNN. 9/23/2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/23/us/canoe-native-wisconsin-lake-mendota/index.html
• Scislowska, Monika. “Is Danish king who gave name to Bluetooth buried in Poland?” Phys.org. 7/31/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-07-danish-king-gave-bluetooth-poland.html
• Solly, Meilan. “Bones Found in Medieval Well Likely Belong to Victims of Anti-Semitic Massacre.” Smithsonian. 9/1/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/bones-found-in-medieval-well-likely-belong-to-victims-of-anti-semitic-massacre-180980692/
• Solly, Meilan. “England’s Oldest Surviving Shipwreck Is a 13th-Century Merchant Vessel.” Smithsonian. 7/26/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/englands-oldest-surviving-shipwreck-is-a-13th-century-merchant-vessel-180980474/
• Stafford, Joe. “Archaeologists carry out first dig at tomb linked to King Arthur.” 7/1/2022. https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/tomb-linked-to-king-arthur/
• Tabikha, Kamal. “Archaeologists uncover 2,600-year-old blocks of white cheese in Egypt.” Mena/The National News. 11/12/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2022/09/12/archaeologists-uncover-2600-year-old-blocks-of-white-cheese-in-egypt/
• Tamisiea, Jack. “Beloved Chincoteague ponies' mythical origins may be real.” National Geographic. 7/27/2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/famous-chincoteague-ponies-may-actually-descend-from-a-spanish-shipwreck
• Taylor & Francis Group. “More digging needed to see whether bones of fallen Waterloo soldiers were sold as fertilizer, as few human remains have ever been found.” Science Daily. 6/18/2022. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/06/220617210054.htm
• Taylor, Luke. “Evolution of lactose tolerance probably driven by famine and disease.” New Scientist. 7/272022. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2331213-evolution-of-lactose-tolerance-probably-driven-by-famine-and-disease/
• The History Blog. “1,400-year-old iron folding chair found in Bavaria.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65004
• The History Blog. “Conserving an 18th c. portrait and the waistcoat in it.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64758
• The History Blog. “Flash-frozen 7th c. boy warrior grave thawed.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64490
• The History Blog. “Getty returns unique Greek terracotta sculptural group.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64992
• The History Blog. “Hiker Finds Viking Brooch From Woman’s Burial.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64949
• The History Blog. “Roman “refrigerator” found in Bulgaria.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65258
• The History Blog. “Roman anchor retrieved from North Sea.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65211
• The History Blog. “Secrets of Vermeer’s Milkmaid revealed.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/65195
• The History Blog. “Shrimp fishermen haul in wooden figurehead.” http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/64893
• UNC University Communications. “Excavations by UNC-Chapel Hill archaeologist reveal first known depictions of two biblical heroines, episode in ancient Jewish art.” 7/5/2022. https://uncnews.unc.edu/2022/07/05/excavations-by-unc-chapel-hill-archaeologist-reveal-first-known-depictions-of-two-biblical-heroines-episode-in-ancient-jewish-art/
• University of Cincinatti. “Using science to solve a 1,300-year-old art mystery.” 9/6/2022. https://phys.org/news/2022-09-science-year-old-art-mystery.html
• University of Helsinkin. “Human bones used for making pendants in the Stone Age.” EurekAlert. 7/4/2022. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/957821
• Vindolanda Charitable Trust. “Instruments of War: Roman cornu mouthpiece uncovered..” 9/21/2022. https://www.vindolanda.com/news/instruments-of-war-roman-cornu-mouthpiece-uncovered.
• Whiteman, Hilary. “Somerton man mystery ‘solved’ as DNA points to man’s identity, professor claims.” CNN. 7/26/2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/26/australia/australia-somerton-man-mystery-solved-claim-intl-hnk-dst/index.html
• Wu, Tara. “Three Men Charged for Trying to Sell Stolen ‘Hotel California’ Notes and Lyrics.” Smithsonian. 7/13/2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/three-men-charged-for-trying-to-sell-stolen-hotel-california-notes-and-lyrics-180980415/
• Xavier Roca-Rada et al, A 1000-year-old case of Klinefelter's syndrome diagnosed by integrating morphology, osteology, and genetics, The Lancet (2022). DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01476-3
• “5,200-year-old stone carving chrysalis found in north China.” 7/18/2022. http://www.chinaview.cn/20220718/9ff4915a83394d1089cea9e76c3f5517/c.html
• Yildiz, Kadir. “Rare 1,600-year-old writing set unearthed in Istanbul.” AA. 9/15/2022. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/rare-1-600-year-old-writing-set-unearthed-in-istanbul/2685964

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On June 13, 1901, Ada Maria Redpath and her son Jocelyn Clifford were found shot to death in their home. What exactly happened between the two of them is something we will likely never understand.

Research:

• Adams, Annmarie, et al. “‘She must not stir out of a darkened room’ 1:  The Redpath Mansion Mystery.” Material Culture Review 72. Fall 2010. https://www.academia.edu/26130347/Articles_She_must_not_stir_out_of_a_darkened_room_1_The_Redpath_Mansion_Mystery
• Enos, Elysha. “History buffs still fascinated with the Redpath Mansion murders, 115 years later.” CBC News. June 13, 2016. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/this-day-in-montreal-redpath-murders-1.3632064
• “Son Clifford Did It.” The Ottawa Citizen. June 15, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/456123782/?terms=Redpath&match=1
• “The Victoria Rifles of Canada.” Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/lineages/infantry-regiments/victoria-rifles.html
• Adams, Annmarie, et al. “The Redpath Mansion Mystery.” Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History. https://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/redpath/home/indexen.html
• “The Redpath Tragedy.” The Weekly News-Advertiser.” June 18, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/775410318/?terms=Redpath&match=1

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This 2015 episode features two troubling tales from the 1920s. First, newlyweds that vanished on what would have been a historic boating trip. Second, a family murdered by someone who may have been hiding in their house for weeks or months.

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Holly and Tracy talk about the many products that have been made with licensed (and sometimes unlicensed) Ouija board imagery. They also discuss the scientific experiments covered in Wednesday's episode in greater detail. 

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In addition to being the focus of corporate machinations, the Ouija board has also been invoked in many legal cases and has been featured in pop culture throughout the 20th century. But how does it work, psychologically speaking?

Research:

• “Items Personal and Social.” Denton Journal. January 31, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/7111598/?terms=ouija&match=1
• “’Ouija’ Board Her Advisor.” Baltimore Sun. March 26, 1905. https://www.newspapers.com/image/371127794/?terms=ouija&match=1
• “Editor ‘Answers.’” Baltimore Evening Sun. August 23, 1911. https://www.newspapers.com/image/365492915/?terms=ouija&match=1
• French, Chris. “The Unseen Force That Drives Ouija Boards and Fake Bomb Detectors.” The Guardian. April 27, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/apr/27/ouija-boards-dowsing-rods-bomb-detectors
• “Ouija Killer Sentenced.” Spokesman-Review. July 9, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/567588953/?terms=%22dorothea%20irene%20turley%22&match=1
• Clark, A. Campbell. “Automatic Writing. V.” The British Medical Journal, vol. 1, no. 1723, 1894, pp. 37–37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20226992
• “Ouija Board Maker Killed.” Evening Journal (Wilmington, Delaware). Feb. 25, 1927. https://www.newspapers.com/image/160190008/?terms=%22william%20fuld%22&match=1&clipping_id=99079163
• Goodman, Edgar. “Pedigree of the ‘Witch Board.’” Omaha Daily News. June 13, 1920. https://www.newspapers.com/image/738037975/?terms=%22Fuld%20vs.%20Fuld%22&match=1
• “Charge of Witch Hunting Enters Assault Case – Indian Woman is Accused of Attack With Hammer.” The Buffalo News. Oct. 26, 1932. https://www.newspapers.com/image/838894818/?terms=%22lila%20Jimerson%22&match=1
• Waxman, Olivia B. “Ouija: Origin of Evil and the True History of the Ouija Board.” TIME. Oct. 21, 2016. https://time.com/4529861/ouija-board-history-origin-of-evil/
• Cassie, Ron. “Not Dead Yet.” Baltimore Mgazine. https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/artsentertainment/the-dark-and-fascinating-history-of-the-ouija-board-baltimore-origins/
• “OUIJA!” The Norfolk Landmark. January 29, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/604944772/?terms=ouija&match=1&clipping_id=99064762
• “The New ‘Planchet.’” Chicago Tribune. April 3, 1886. https://www.newspapers.com/image/349738032/?terms=%22talking%20board%22&match=1&clipping_id=99068585
• “The President’s ‘Witch Board.’” New York Times. June 16, 1886. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/06/16/109786158.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
• McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez. “The Strange and Mysterious History of the Ouija Board.” Smithsonian. October 27, 2013. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-strange-and-mysterious-history-of-the-ouija-board-5860627/
• “True Stories of the Supernatural, Told by Readers of the Sun.” The Baltimore Sun. February 14, 1909. https://www.newspapers.com/image/371064146/?terms=ouija&match=1
• “Lie is Passed to Ouija, and By a Woman!” Chicago Tribune. Jan. 25, 1921. https://www.newspapers.com/image/355093958/?terms=ouija&match=1
• Connoly, James P. “Ouija board boom on? Yes, Says Ouija Board.” Baltimore Evening Sun. May 18, 1944. https://www.newspapers.com/image/369642710/
• “William Fuld Made $1,000,000 on Ouija Board But Has No Faith in It.” Baltimore Sun. July 4, 1920. https://www.newspapers.com/image/372844631/?terms=William%20Fuld&match=1&clipping_id=99076192
• “Partners at Odds.” Baltimore Sun. Dec. 5, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/365328757/?terms=%22William%20Fuld%22&match=1
• Rensink, Ronald A., et al. “Expression of nonconscious knowledge via ideomotor actions.” Consciousness and Cognition. February 2012. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221872925_Expression_of_nonconscious_knowledge_via_ideomotor_actions/download
• Murch, Robert. WilliamFuld.com. https://www.williamfuld.com/index.html
• “The Ouija Craze.” Catoctin Clarion. January 22, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/339101621/?terms=ouija&match=1&clipping_id=99064534
• “Ouija-board Will Rejected by Supreme Court.” Newport Daily Express. Aug. 12, 1938. https://www.newspapers.com/image/659566078/?terms=Helen%20Dow%20Peck&match=1
• “Former Beauty is Convicted.” Arizona Republic. June 11, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/117191175/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1
• “Blame Ouija Board for Parent’s Death.” Bristol Herald Courier. Dec. 23, 1933. https://www.newspapers.com/image/585774218/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1
• “Girl Kills Her Dad to Let Her Ma Wed Lover.” The Independent-Rcord. Dec. 27, 1933. https://www.newspapers.com/image/528011403/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1
• “Aged Ouija Board Murderess Planning Insanity Defense.” Daily News. March 16, 1930. https://www.newspapers.com/image/412836335/?terms=ouija&match=1
• Rogers, Donald. “Fickle Ouija Board Deserts Its Victim.” Oakland Tribune. July 22, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/106298034/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1
• Eberle, Scott G., Ph.D. “The Ouija Board Explained.” Psychology Today. May 16, 2012. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/play-in-mind/201205/the-ouija-board-explained
• Olson JA, Jeyanesan E, Raz A. “Ask the pendulum: personality predictors of ideomotor performance. Neurosci Conscious.” National Library of Medicine. Aug. 2, 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5858027/
• D’Agostino, Thomas. “Helen Dow Peck’s Amazing Will.” The Yankee Express. Dec. 18, 2020. https://www.theyankeexpress.com/2020/12/18/341774/helen-dow-peck-s-amazing-will

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The rise of the Ouija board in North America involves corporate intrigue, family betrayal, a lot of litigation, and very little spiritualism. Today’s episode covers how “talking boards” went from divination tool to big business.

Research: 

• “Items Personal and Social.” Denton Journal. January 31, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/7111598/?terms=ouija&match=1
• “’Ouija’ Board Her Advisor.” Baltimore Sun. March 26, 1905. https://www.newspapers.com/image/371127794/?terms=ouija&match=1
• “Editor ‘Answers.’” Baltimore Evening Sun. August 23, 1911. https://www.newspapers.com/image/365492915/?terms=ouija&match=1
• French, Chris. “The Unseen Force That Drives Ouija Boards and Fake Bomb Detectors.” The Guardian. April 27, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/apr/27/ouija-boards-dowsing-rods-bomb-detectors
• “Ouija Killer Sentenced.” Spokesman-Review. July 9, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/567588953/?terms=%22dorothea%20irene%20turley%22&match=1
• Clark, A. Campbell. “Automatic Writing. V.” The British Medical Journal, vol. 1, no. 1723, 1894, pp. 37–37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20226992
• “Ouija Board Maker Killed.” Evening Journal (Wilmington, Delaware). Feb. 25, 1927. https://www.newspapers.com/image/160190008/?terms=%22william%20fuld%22&match=1&clipping_id=99079163
• Goodman, Edgar. “Pedigree of the ‘Witch Board.’” Omaha Daily News. June 13, 1920. https://www.newspapers.com/image/738037975/?terms=%22Fuld%20vs.%20Fuld%22&match=1
• “Charge of Witch Hunting Enters Assault Case – Indian Woman is Accused of Attack With Hammer.” The Buffalo News. Oct. 26, 1932. https://www.newspapers.com/image/838894818/?terms=%22lila%20Jimerson%22&match=1
• Waxman, Olivia B. “Ouija: Origin of Evil and the True History of the Ouija Board.” TIME. Oct. 21, 2016. https://time.com/4529861/ouija-board-history-origin-of-evil/
• Cassie, Ron. “Not Dead Yet.” Baltimore Mgazine. https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/artsentertainment/the-dark-and-fascinating-history-of-the-ouija-board-baltimore-origins/
• “OUIJA!” The Norfolk Landmark. January 29, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/604944772/?terms=ouija&match=1&clipping_id=99064762
• “The New ‘Planchet.’” Chicago Tribune. April 3, 1886. https://www.newspapers.com/image/349738032/?terms=%22talking%20board%22&match=1&clipping_id=99068585
• “The President’s ‘Witch Board.’” New York Times. June 16, 1886. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/06/16/109786158.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
• McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez. “The Strange and Mysterious History of the Ouija Board.” Smithsonian. October 27, 2013. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-strange-and-mysterious-history-of-the-ouija-board-5860627/
• “True Stories of the Supernatural, Told by Readers of the Sun.” The Baltimore Sun. February 14, 1909. https://www.newspapers.com/image/371064146/?terms=ouija&match=1
• “Lie is Passed to Ouija, and By a Woman!” Chicago Tribune. Jan. 25, 1921. https://www.newspapers.com/image/355093958/?terms=ouija&match=1
• Connoly, James P. “Ouija board boom on? Yes, Says Ouija Board.” Baltimore Evening Sun. May 18, 1944. https://www.newspapers.com/image/369642710/
• “William Fuld Made $1,000,000 on Ouija Board But Has No Faith in It.” Baltimore Sun. July 4, 1920. https://www.newspapers.com/image/372844631/?terms=William%20Fuld&match=1&clipping_id=99076192
• “Partners at Odds.” Baltimore Sun. Dec. 5, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/365328757/?terms=%22William%20Fuld%22&match=1
• Rensink, Ronald A., et al. “Expression of nonconscious knowledge via ideomotor actions.” Consciousness and Cognition. February 2012. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221872925_Expression_of_nonconscious_knowledge_via_ideomotor_actions/download
• Murch, Robert. WilliamFuld.com. https://www.williamfuld.com/index.html
• “The Ouija Craze.” Catoctin Clarion. January 22, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/339101621/?terms=ouija&match=1&clipping_id=99064534
• “Ouija-board Will Rejected by Supreme Court.” Newport Daily Express. Aug. 12, 1938. https://www.newspapers.com/image/659566078/?terms=Helen%20Dow%20Peck&match=1
• “Former Beauty is Convicted.” Arizona Republic. June 11, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/117191175/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1
• “Blame Ouija Board for Parent’s Death.” Bristol Herald Courier. Dec. 23, 1933. https://www.newspapers.com/image/585774218/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1
• “Girl Kills Her Dad to Let Her Ma Wed Lover.” The Independent-Rcord. Dec. 27, 1933. https://www.newspapers.com/image/528011403/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1
• “Aged Ouija Board Murderess Planning Insanity Defense.” Daily News. March 16, 1930. https://www.newspapers.com/image/412836335/?terms=ouija&match=1
• Rogers, Donald. “Fickle Ouija Board Deserts Its Victim.” Oakland Tribune. July 22, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/106298034/?terms=irene%20turley&match=1
• Eberle, Scott G., Ph.D. “The Ouija Board Explained.” Psychology Today. May 16, 2012. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/play-in-mind/201205/the-ouija-board-explained
• Olson JA, Jeyanesan E, Raz A. “Ask the pendulum: personality predictors of ideomotor performance. Neurosci Conscious.” National Library of Medicine. Aug. 2, 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5858027/
• D’Agostino, Thomas. “Helen Dow Peck’s Amazing Will.” The Yankee Express. Dec. 18, 2020. https://www.theyankeexpress.com/2020/12/18/341774/helen-dow-peck-s-amazing-will

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This 2014 episode covers the 1930 vanishing of Joseph Force Crater. His missing person cases has fueled decades of speculation about what exactly happened to the New York State Supreme Court justice.

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Holly and Tracy talk about the prediction of Houdini's death, and Rose Mackenberg's abundant bravado. They also discuss the long road the movie 'Till" took to get to the screen, and the film's careful handling of Mamie and Emmett's story. 

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The movie "Till" tells the story of Mamie Till-Mobley and her son Emmett. Actor Jalyn Hall and director Chinonye Chukwu talked with the podcast about the research and planning that went into bringing this important historical event to life.

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Rose Mackenberg spent decades working to uncover fraud taking place in the name of Spiritualism, first working for Houdini, and then on her own. In her work, she said she received messages from 1,000 dead husbands that never existed.

Research:

• “Says Lawmakers Consult Mediums.” New York Times. Feb. 27, 1926. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1926/02/27/98846926.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
• “Houdini to Appear.” Evening Star. Feb. 21, 1926. https://www.newspapers.com/image/618515204/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjYxODUxNTIwNCwiaWF0IjoxNjYzNTk5MzU4LCJleHAiOjE2NjM2ODU3NTh9.B3_XUq4J-qd4aqWqqKe1SI5DVkQq6h7mOHCD_T8D-LY
• Edwards, Gavin. “Overlooked No More: Rose Mackenberg, Houdini’s Secret ‘Ghost-Buster.’” New York Times. Dec. 6, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/obituaries/rose-mackenberg-overlooked.html
• Williamson, E.W. “Spirit Fakers of City Fatten on War Grief.” Chicago Tribune. Aug. 5, 1945. https://www.newspapers.com/image/371848849
• Mackenberg, Rose. “Her Business Is Exposing Spirit Fakers.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Sept. 12, 1937. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/138984895/?clipping_id=81525804&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjEzODk4NDg5NSwiaWF0IjoxNjYzNTk4NjcxLCJleHAiOjE2NjM2ODUwNzF9.9dPqyrWvZ5eDs0bMQcmYOXPCMJwJQN1mN2tz1KdgctQ
• “Houdini Urges Bill to Curb Mediums.” Evening Star. Feb. 26, 1926. https://www.newspapers.com/image/618515404/?clipping_id=81527215
• Hartman, William C. “Hartmann’s Who’s Who in Occult, Psychic and Spiritual Realms.” 1925. http://www.ehbritten.org/docs/1925_hartmann_whos_who_in_occult_psychic_and_spiritual_realms_r.pdf
• “Christ Coming in 2,000, Says Pastor.” Inidianapolis Star. Dec. 1, 1924. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46052740/christ-coming-in-2000-says-pastor/
• Lee, Karen. “The Astonishing Adventures of Houdini’s Favorite Detective.” Newspapers.com. July 20, 2021. https://blog.newspapers.com/astonishing-adventures-of-houdinis-favorite-detective/
• Welshimer, Helen. “Made a Frump out of Herself to Expose the Fake Mediums.” Ogden Standard Examiner. Aug. 15, 1937. https://www.newspapers.com/image/596893320/?terms=Rose%20Mackenberg&match=1
• “Pastor Defends Klan.” Indianapolis News. Oct. 2, 1922. https://www.newspapers.com/image/39565036/?
• “HINTS OF SEANCES AT WHITE HOUSE.” New York Times. May 19, 1926. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1926/05/19/98379175.html?pageNumber=26
• “Magician Pulls Local Minister Out of Audience.” Indianapolis Star. October 13, 1925. https://www.newspapers.com/image/104820857/?terms=%22Magician%20Pulls%20Local%20Minister%22&match=1
• “’Not Interested,” Say Coolidges of Spiritualism.” Atlanta Constitution. May 19, 1926. https://www.newspapers.com/image/397965606
• Mackenberg, Rose. “When Crime Poses as Spiritualism.” San Francisco Examiner. March 12, 1939. https://www.newspapers.com/image/458113189/
• Polidoro, Massimo. “Final Seance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle.” Prometheus Books. 2010.

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This 2009 episode from previous hosts Katie and Sarah covers Harry Houdini, once known as the world's greatest magician. Houdini's reputation still resonates with modern fans of illusion and magic. 

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Tracy and Holly discuss WWII submarine warfare as it related to Helen Duncan’s story. Tracy also shares her experience visiting the Mütter Museum when it was hosting an exhibit titled “Imperfecta.”

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In 1639, doctor Edward May published a 40-page text about a serpent he found in the heart of a 21-year-old man during a post-mortem examination. We don’t know exactly what it was, but there are plenty of theories.

Research:

• Bush, Sargent Jr. “Bosom Serpents before Hawthorne: The Origins of a Symbol.” American Literature , May, 1971, Vol. 43, No. 2 (May, 1971). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2924236
• Church, William Selby. “The Rise of Physiology in England: The Harveian Oration Delivered Before the Royal College of Physicians, October 18th, 1895.” Adlard. 1896.
• Denham, D.A. “A most certaine and true relation of a strange monster or serpent found in the left ventricle of the heart of John Pennant, gentleman, of the age of 21 years.” Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 71, Issue 5, 1977, Page 455, https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(77)90066-9
• Eades, Bentley Gerald. “The Jacobean and Caroline Stage Vol-ii.” The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1941.
• Healy, Simon. “KYNASTON, Sir Francis (1587-c.1649), of Oteley, Ellesmere, Salop; later of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster and Covent Garden, Mdx.” he History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629, ed. Andrew Thrush and John P. Ferris, 2010. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/kynaston-sir-francis-1587-1649
• May, Edward. “A most certaine and true relation of a strange monster or serpent found in the left ventricle of the heart of John Pennant, Gentleman, of the age of 21 yeares.” London : George Miller. 1639. https://archive.org/details/b3033973x
• Morris, Thomas. “The man with a snake in his heart.” http://www.thomas-morris.uk/man-snake-heart/
• Pender, Stephen. “Examples and Experience: On the Uncertainty of Medicine.” The British Journal for the History of Science , Mar., 2006, Vol. 39, No. 1. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4028546
• Pennant, Thomas. “The History of the Parishes of Whiteford and Holywell.” B. and J. White. 1796.
• Perella, Chrissie. “Teratology: ‘Monster’ as a medical term.” Historical Medical Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. https://histmed.collegeofphysicians.org/for-students/teratology-monster-as-a-medical-term/
• Richardson, Ruth. “Pennant's serpent.” The Lancet. Vol. 357, Issue 9260. 3/24/2001. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)71674-3/fulltext
• Ross, Alexander. “Arcana microcosmi.” London : T. Newcomb. 1652. https://archive.org/details/b30329140/
• Slights, William W.E. “The Narrative Heart of the Renaissance.” Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme. Winter/Hiver 2002. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43445471
• The Public Domain Review. “A Monster in the Heart: Edward May’s A Most Certaine and True Relation (1639).” https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/heart-serpent
• Woolley, Benjamin. “The herbalist : Nicholas Culpeper and the Fight for Medical Freedom.” HarperCollins, 2004.

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Helen Duncan is sometimes described as Scotland’s last witch, or the last person imprisoned for witchcraft in Britain, or the last person to be tried under the UK’s 1735 Witchcraft Act. None of those are quite accurate.

Research:

• Undiscovered Scotland. “Helen Duncan.” https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/d/helenduncan.html
• “Scotland’s Last Witch.” Modern Scotland. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/modern/oddities_modern.shtml
• “Britain's 'last witch': Campaign to pardon Helen Duncan.” 6/15/2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-18456106
• Atkins, Harry. “Helen Duncan: Britain’s Last Witch.” History Hit. 6/10/2022. https://www.historyhit.com/helen-duncan-britains-last-witch/
• Brown, Laura. “Helen Duncan.” The Scots Magazine. https://www.scotsmagazine.com/articles/series/a-z-of-great-scots-helen-duncan/
• Price, Harry. “The Cheese-Cloth Worshippers by Harry Price.” Leaves from a Psychist's Case-Book (Victor Gollancz, 1933).
• Meier, Allison C. “Ectoplasm and the Last British Woman Tried for Witchcraft.” JSTOR Daily. 9/13/2018. https://daily.jstor.org/ectoplasm-and-the-last-british-woman-tried-for-witchcraft/
• Team Mighty. “A British Woman Was Convicted Under a Witchcraft Law During WWII.” The Archive. 9/7/2021. https://explorethearchive.com/helen-duncan
• McPherson, Hamish. “The truth about the UK's last witch Helen Duncan.” The National. 5/8/2018. https://www.thenational.scot/news/16209915.truth-uks-last-witch-helen-duncan/
• Schnuer, Jenna. "SPIRITED AWAY: After a devastating Royal Navy loss, military authorities felt duty bound to keep a careful eye on a famed Scottish mystic." World War II, vol. 34, no. 1, June 2019, pp. 64+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A581176173/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c973ec6a. Accessed 2 Sept. 2022.
• Gaskill, Malcolm. "Britain's Last Witch." History Today, vol. 51, no. 5, May 2001, p. 6. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A74483221/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=5c15ccbd. Accessed 2 Sept. 2022.
• Gaskill, Malcolm. "Duncan [née MacFarlane], (Victoria) Helen McCrae (1897–1956), medium." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Date of access 7 Sep. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/66217
• Collins, B. Abdy. “Spiritualism and the Law.” The Modern Law Review , July 1945, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Jul., 1945). https://www.jstor.org/stable/1090340
• Old Bailey Trial Series. “The Trial of Mrs. Duncan.” C. E. Bechhofer Roberts, General Editor. 1945.
• UK Parliament. “Witchcraft.” https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/witchcraft/
• UK Parliament. “Which Witch(Craft Act) Is Which?” 10/28/2020. https://archives.blog.parliament.uk/2020/10/28/which-witchcraft-act-is-which/
• Vagrancy Act of 1824 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1824/83/pdfs/ukpga_18240083_en.pdf
• Fraudulent Mediums Act of 1951 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1951/33/pdfs/ukpga_19510033_en.pdf
• Earls, Averill and Marissa Rhodes. State Secrets: Helen Duncan’s Famous Witchcraft Trial.’ Dig: A History Podcast. 7/3/2022. https://digpodcast.org/2022/07/03/cheesecloth-spiritualism-and-state-secrets-helen-duncans-famous-witchcraft-trial/

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This 2019 episode covers England’s largest and deadliest set of witch trials. They were largely influenced by one man, Matthew Hopkins, who was known as the Witchfinder General.

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Tracy and Holly talk about how racism stripped Paul Robeson of his career, and Robeson’s support of the communist Soviet Union. They also discuss whether Schrepfer may have accidentally poisoned himself.

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Johann George Schrepfer’s life story is clouded by his embellished and falsified tales of his necromancy and spiritualism. And both his followers and detractors also gave biased and incorrect accounts of their interactions with him.

Research:

• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Seven Years’ War". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Seven-Years-War
• Andriopoulos, Stefan. “Kant’s Magic Lantern: Historical Epistemology and Media Archaeology.” Representations, vol. 115, no. 1, 2011, pp. 42–70. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1525/rep.2011.115.1.42
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "necromancy". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 May. 2011, https://www.britannica.com/topic/necromancy
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Freemasonry". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Freemasonry
• Geffarth, Renko. “The Masonic Necromancer: Shifting Identities In The Lives Of Johann Georg Schrepfer.” Brill. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004162570.i-326.49
• Museum - Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg. "Laterna magica" last modified 2021-11-26. https://global.museum-digital.org/object/1876368
• Wustmann, Gustav, "Schrepfer, Johann Georg" in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 32 (1891), pp. 490-491 [online version]; URL: https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120914042
• Museum - Naturalienkabinett Waldenburg. "Geisterkasten" last modified 2021-11-26. https://global.museum-digital.org/object/1876367
• Rossel, Deac. “The Magic Lantern.” Ich Sehe was, was du nicht siehst! Sehmaschinen und Bilderwelten. 2002. https://www.academia.edu/345943

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The Peekskill Riots surrounded a concert by singer and activist Paul Robeson. His stances on political and civil rights issues and his communist affiliations catalyzed protests that were fueled with an undercurrent of racism and antisemitism.

Research:

• American Civil Liberties Union. “Violence in Peekskill: A Report on the Violations of Civil Liberties at Two Paul Robeson Concerts near Peekskill, NY.” 1949.
• By LANSING WARREN Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES. "Paris 'Peace Congress' Assails U. S. and Atlantic Pact, Upholds Soviet: MEETING AT 'PEACE CONGRESS' IN PARIS CONGRESS IN PARIS ASSAILS U. S. POLICY." New York Times (1923-), Apr 21 1949, p. 1. ProQuest. Web. 31 Aug. 2022 .
• Congress, House, Committee on Un-American Activities, Investigation of the Unauthorized Use of U.S. Passports, 84th Congress, Part 3, June 12, 1956; in Thirty Years of Treason: Excerpts from Hearings Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1938–1968, Eric Bentley, ed. (New York: Viking Press, 1971), 770.
• Courtney, Steve. “Peekskill's days of infamy: The Robeson riots of 1949.” The Reporter Dispatch, September 5, 1982. http://www.bencourtney.com/peekskillriots/
• Democracy “VIDEO: Pete Seeger Recalls the 1949 Peekskill Riot Where He And Paul Robeson Were Attacked.” 1/31/2014. https://www.democracynow.org/2014/1/31/video_pete_seeger_recalls_the_1949
• Dorinson, Joseph. “Paul Robeson and Jackie Robinson: Athletes and Activists at Armageddon.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies , Winter 1999, Vol. 66, No. 1, Paul Robeson. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27774174
• Horne, Field. "Peekskill riots." Encyclopedia of New York State, edited by Peter R. Eisenstadt and Laura-Eve Moss, Syracuse UP, 2005, p. 1190. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A194197875/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=25d15b16. Accessed 30 Aug. 2022.
• Horne, Gerald. “Paul Robeson: The Artist as Revolutionary.” Pluto Press. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19b9jxj.9
• Hudson River Maritime Museum. “Paul Robeson and the Peekskill Riots.” 1/18/2021. https://www.hrmm.org/history-blog/paul-robeson-and-the-peekskill-riots
• Huggins, Nathan Irvin. "Paul Robeson." The Nation, vol. 248, no. 11, 20 Mar. 1989, pp. 383+. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A7424117/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=6617e02c. Accessed 30 Aug. 2022.
• Karp, Jonathan D. “Performing Black-Jewish Symbiosis: The ‘Hassidic Chant’ of Paul Robeson.” American Jewish History, Volume 91, Number 1, March 2003. https://doi.org/10.1353/ajh.2004.0032
• "Remembering Peekskill." Jacobin Magazine, 22 June 2017, p. NA. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A675159334/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=459a974b. Accessed 30 Aug. 2022.
• Robeson, Paul. “The Negro people and the Soviet Union.” 1950. https://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A4785
• Salkin, Jeffrey K. “Inside The 1949 Westchester KKK Attack Where Rioters Chanted ‘We’re Hitler’s Boys’” Forward. 8/26/2019. https://forward.com/culture/113279/peekskill-riots-1949-westchester-kkk-fascist-attack-jewish-black-attendees/
• Shea, Rich. “Paul Robeson Football Star.” Rutgers Today. 3/13/2019. https://www.rutgers.edu/news/paul-robeson-football-star
• Smith, Ronald A. “The Paul Robeson—Jackie Robinson Saga and a Political Collision.” Journal of Sport History , Summer 1979, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Summer 1979). Via JSTOR. : https://www.jstor.org/stable/43608951
• Walwik, Joseph. “Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies Vol. 66, No. 1, Paul Robeson (1898-1976)—A Centennial Symposium (Winter 1999).” Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27774178

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This 2016 episode covers a skeleton found in a tree near Birmingham, England in 1943. More than 70 years later, it's still unknown who the deceased was and how the body ended up in an elm tree.

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Holly and Tracy discuss the difficult nature of Chapin's personality. They also talk about the ways that the rivalry between Pulitzer and Hearst played out, and the way one of Chapin's employees got quiet revenge. 

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Chapin's successful journalism career crumbled as stress chipped away at his mental health, and he committed a terrible crime. But there were still surprises left to his story. 

Research: 

• “Of the Dynamite Explosion in Russell Sage’s Office.” The Leaf-Chronicle (Clarkeville, Tennessee). Dec. 7, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/353237459/?terms=%22russel%20sage%22&match=1
• “A Dynamite Bomb.” The Alliance Herald. Dec. 11, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/423611027/?terms=%22russel%20sage%22&match=1
• “City Slave Girls.” Saturday Evening Kansas Commoner. Aug. 24, 1888. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/382892220/?clipping_id=30641784&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjM4Mjg5MjIyMCwiaWF0IjoxNjYyNDY2MjA3LCJleHAiOjE2NjI1NTI2MDd9.eLdfDQGTjlV-7dafIRsWSWJokfMsSrhH2IM2_6e5T7M
• “New York World Editor Kills Wife.” Intelligencer Journal. Sept. 17, 1918. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/557223275/?terms=%22Charles%20E.%20Chapin%22&match=1
• Morris, James McGrath. “The Rose Man of Sing Sing: A True Tale of Life, Murder, and Redemption in the Age of Yellow Journalism.” Fordham University Press. 2003.
• Chapin, Charles. “Winnetka’s Horror.” Chicago Tribune. Feb. 14, 1884. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/349741239/?terms=Winnetka%27s%20Horror&match=1
• “Editor Chapin Sane.” Enid Daily Eagle. Dec. 17, 1918. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/608553349/?terms=%22Charles%20E.%20Chapin%22&match=1
• “Mrs. Macaulley’s Crime.” Chicago Tribune. Dec. 25, 1887. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/349513839/?terms=%22william%20macaulley%22&match=1
• Chapin, Charles E. “Charles Chapin's Story Written in Sing Sing Prison.” G.P. Putnam. 1920. Read online: https://books.google.com/books?id=UmZMAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
• “Russell Sage’s Will.” The Ordway New Era. August 3, 1906. https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=ONE19060803-01.2.45&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA--------0------
• Snow, Richard, “Charles Chapin.” American Heritage. December 1979. https://www.americanheritage.com/charles-chapin
• “Prisoner McKeague.” Chicago Tribune. February 26, 1884. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/349741560/?terms=neal%20mckeague&match=1
• Roberts, Sam. “Archives From Prisons in New York Are Digitized.” New York Times. July 6, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/07/nyregion/new-york-prison-archives-are-digitized-by-ancestry-com.html
• Wingfield, Valerie. “The General Slocum Disaster of June 15, 1904.” New York Public Library. June 13, 2011. https://www.nypl.org/blog/2011/06/13/great-slocum-disaster-june-15-1904

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Chapin built a life people envied, and had a great deal of power. His entire biography is full of noteworthy achievements and awards. As a newsman, he covered many of the key moments of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 

Research:

• “Of the Dynamite Explosion in Russell Sage’s Office.” The Leaf-Chronicle (Clarkeville, Tennessee). Dec. 7, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/353237459/?terms=%22russel%20sage%22&match=1
• “A Dynamite Bomb.” The Alliance Herald. Dec. 11, 1891. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/423611027/?terms=%22russel%20sage%22&match=1
• “City Slave Girls.” Saturday Evening Kansas Commoner. Aug. 24, 1888. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/382892220/?clipping_id=30641784&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjM4Mjg5MjIyMCwiaWF0IjoxNjYyNDY2MjA3LCJleHAiOjE2NjI1NTI2MDd9.eLdfDQGTjlV-7dafIRsWSWJokfMsSrhH2IM2_6e5T7M
• “New York World Editor Kills Wife.” Intelligencer Journal. Sept. 17, 1918. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/557223275/?terms=%22Charles%20E.%20Chapin%22&match=1
• Morris, James McGrath. “The Rose Man of Sing Sing: A True Tale of Life, Murder, and Redemption in the Age of Yellow Journalism.” Fordham University Press. 2003.
• Chapin, Charles. “Winnetka’s Horror.” Chicago Tribune. Feb. 14, 1884. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/349741239/?terms=Winnetka%27s%20Horror&match=1
• “Editor Chapin Sane.” Enid Daily Eagle. Dec. 17, 1918. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/608553349/?terms=%22Charles%20E.%20Chapin%22&match=1
• “Mrs. Macaulley’s Crime.” Chicago Tribune. Dec. 25, 1887. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/349513839/?terms=%22william%20macaulley%22&match=1
• Chapin, Charles E. “Charles Chapin's Story Written in Sing Sing Prison.” G.P. Putnam. 1920. Read online: https://books.google.com/books?id=UmZMAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
• “Russell Sage’s Will.” The Ordway New Era. August 3, 1906. https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=ONE19060803-01.2.45&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA--------0------
• Snow, Richard, “Charles Chapin.” American Heritage. December 1979. https://www.americanheritage.com/charles-chapin
• “Prisoner McKeague.” Chicago Tribune. February 26, 1884. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/349741560/?terms=neal%20mckeague&match=1
• Roberts, Sam. “Archives From Prisons in New York Are Digitized.” New York Times. July 6, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/07/nyregion/new-york-prison-archives-are-digitized-by-ancestry-com.html
• Wingfield, Valerie. “The General Slocum Disaster of June 15, 1904.” New York Public Library. June 13, 2011. https://www.nypl.org/blog/2011/06/13/great-slocum-disaster-june-15-1904

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This 2019 episode covers the burning of the P.S. General Slocum in the East River in New York on June 15, 1904. It had been chartered for a group outing that suddenly became a deadly maritime disaster.

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Tracy and Holly talk about hunting for sources for Eugene Jacques Bullard's story, and his unpublished memoir. They also talk about wanting to return to Paris knowing Bullard's story. 

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After World War I ended, Eugene Jacques Bullard returned to Paris. He worked as a jazz drummer and nightclub owner, and as the tensions that led to World War II loomed, as an intelligence agent for France. 

Research:

• "Bullard, Eugene." Encyclopedia of World Biography, edited by Lisa Kumar, 2nd ed., vol. 37, Gale, 2017, pp. 62-64. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3656400039/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=1958ab1b. Accessed 24 Aug. 2022.
• Redmon, Jeremy. “The Vanishing Stories of the Bullard Brothers.” Bitter Southerner. https://bittersoutherner.com/the-vanishing-stories-of-the-bullard-brothers
• Svoboda, Frederic J. "Who was that black man?: a note on Eugene Bullard and 'The Sun Also Rises.'." The Hemingway Review, vol. 17, no. 2, spring 1998, pp. 105+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A20653062/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c34545bb. Accessed 24 Aug. 2022.
• Hewitt, Nicholas. "Black Montmartre: American jazz and music hall in Paris in the interwar years." Journal of Romance Studies, vol. 5, no. 3, winter 2005, pp. 25+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A166694624/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=3157a090. Accessed 24 Aug. 2022.
• Pisano, Dominick. “Eugene J. Bullard.” National Air and Space Museum. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/eugene-j-bullard
• Mandt, Brenda. “Eugene Bullard, the First African American Fighter Pilot and Veteran of Two World Wars.” Museum of Flight. 1/18/2021. https://blog.museumofflight.org/eugene-bullard-the-first-african-american-fighter-pilot-and-veteran-of-two-world-wars
• Brosnahan, Cori. “The Two Lives of Eugene Bullard.” PBS American Experience. 4/3/2017. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/great-war-two-lives-eugene-bullard/
• Lloyd, Craig. "Eugene Bullard." New Georgia Encyclopedia, 19 November 2002, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/eugene-bullard-1895-1961/.
• National WWII Museum. “Eugene Bullard: Hero of Two World Wars.” 2/4/2021. Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIKDvou2fq0
• Lloyd, Craig. “Eugene Bullard: Black Expatriate in Jazz-age Paris.” University of Georgia Press. 2006.
• Keith, Phil and Tom Clavin. “All Blood Runs Red: The Legendary Life of Eugene Bullard – Boxer, Pilot, Soldier, Spy.” Hanover Square Press, 2019.
• Asukile, Thabiti. “J.A. Rogers' ‘Jazz at Home’: Afro-American Jazz in Paris During the Jazz Age.” The Black Scholar , FALL 2010, Vol. 40, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41163931

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Bullard is often described as the first Black American fighter pilot – which is true – but he also had a full and fascinating life beyond that. This episode covers his travels before WWI and his military career. 

Research:

• "Bullard, Eugene." Encyclopedia of World Biography, edited by Lisa Kumar, 2nd ed., vol. 37, Gale, 2017, pp. 62-64. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3656400039/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=1958ab1b. Accessed 24 Aug. 2022.
• Redmon, Jeremy. “The Vanishing Stories of the Bullard Brothers.” Bitter Southerner. https://bittersoutherner.com/the-vanishing-stories-of-the-bullard-brothers
• Svoboda, Frederic J. "Who was that black man?: a note on Eugene Bullard and 'The Sun Also Rises.'." The Hemingway Review, vol. 17, no. 2, spring 1998, pp. 105+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A20653062/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c34545bb. Accessed 24 Aug. 2022.
• Hewitt, Nicholas. "Black Montmartre: American jazz and music hall in Paris in the interwar years." Journal of Romance Studies, vol. 5, no. 3, winter 2005, pp. 25+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A166694624/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=3157a090. Accessed 24 Aug. 2022.
• Pisano, Dominick. “Eugene J. Bullard.” National Air and Space Museum. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/eugene-j-bullard
• Mandt, Brenda. “Eugene Bullard, the First African American Fighter Pilot and Veteran of Two World Wars.” Museum of Flight. 1/18/2021. https://blog.museumofflight.org/eugene-bullard-the-first-african-american-fighter-pilot-and-veteran-of-two-world-wars
• Brosnahan, Cori. “The Two Lives of Eugene Bullard.” PBS American Experience. 4/3/2017. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/great-war-two-lives-eugene-bullard/
• Lloyd, Craig. "Eugene Bullard." New Georgia Encyclopedia, 19 November 2002, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/eugene-bullard-1895-1961/.
• National WWII Museum. “Eugene Bullard: Hero of Two World Wars.” 2/4/2021. Via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIKDvou2fq0
• Lloyd, Craig. “Eugene Bullard: Black Expatriate in Jazz-age Paris.” University of Georgia Press. 2006.
• Keith, Phil and Tom Clavin. “All Blood Runs Red: The Legendary Life of Eugene Bullard – Boxer, Pilot, Soldier, Spy.” Hanover Square Press, 2019.
• Asukile, Thabiti. “J.A. Rogers' ‘Jazz at Home’: Afro-American Jazz in Paris During the Jazz Age.” The Black Scholar , FALL 2010, Vol. 40, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41163931

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This 2012 episode from previous hosts Sarah and Deblina discusses how during Jack Johnson's time, the heavyweight championship was unofficially a whites-only title. Despite discrimination, Johnson became the first black heavyweight champion, but some questioned his legitimacy.

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Holly and Tracy talk about the gossip surrounding two of Livinia Fontana Zappi's paintings. They also discuss the degree to which people ignored Imogene Rechtin's actual messaging about kissing when criticizing her campaign. 

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In the early 1900s, Imogene Rechtin started a crusade to get people to stop kissing socially as a way to stop disease spread. Her argument was sound, but she was largely dismissed as being uptight.

Research:

• “Health Society Bars Kisses.” The Taney Country Republican (Forsyth, Missouri). June 15, 1911. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/859865029/?terms=Imogene%20Rechtin&match=1
• “World’s Health Organization Waging War Against Kissing.” The Evening-Times Star and Almeda Daily Argus.” Feb 23, 1911. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/607117745/?terms=Imogene%20Rechtin&match=1
• “An Assault on Kissing.” The Washington Post. Nov. 22, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/28961790/?terms=%22kiss%22&match=1
• “Declares Kiss Must Go.” Herald and Review. Decatur, Illinois. Nov. 27, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/92535138/?terms=%22Declares%20Kiss%20Must%20Go%22&match=1
• “Woman Doctor Says Kissing In Unseemly.” The Washington Times. Nov. 22, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/80711073/?terms=%22kissing%20unseemly%22&match=1
• Patterson, Ethel Lloyd. “Kiss is Under Ban of ‘Brains’ in Quaker City.” Oakland Tribune. Nov. 30, 1908. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/76453147/?terms=%22Kiss%20is%20Under%20Ban%20of%20%27Brains%27%20in%20Quaker%20City%22&match=1
• “Fight Against Kissing.” The News (Frederick Maryland). June 17, 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/18372050/?terms=%22Fight%20Against%20Kissing%22&match=1
• “To Kiss or Not to Kiss.” The San Francisco Call. July 31, 1910. Accessed through the National Endowment for the Humanities. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1910-07-31/ed-1/seq-16/
• “Antikisser? Pshaw!” The Washington Post. June 29, 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/31555929/
• “MORTALITY STATISTICS:1910.” Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of the Census.” 1912. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsushistorical/mortstatbl_1910.pdf
• Dublin, Louis I. and Jessamine Whitney. “On the Costs of Tuberculosis.” Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association , Dec., 1920, Vol. 17, No. 132 (Dec., 1920), pp. 441-450. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2965239.pdf
• “Cincinnati Woman in Fight Against Kissing.” The Tribune. Aug. 10 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/157436476/?terms=%22Fight%20Against%20Kissing%22&match=1
• Last, John. “The Woman Who Fought to End the ‘Pernicious’ Scourge of Kissing.” Smithsonian. May 31, 2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-woman-who-campaigned-against-the-pernicious-scourge-of-kissing-180980141/
• Tesh, Sylvia. “POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.” International Journal of Health Services, vol. 12, no. 2, 1982, pp. 321–42. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45130380
• Baldwin, Peter C. “Dangers that Lurk in a Kiss: Quarantining the American Mouth, 1890–1920.”  Journal of Social History. Volume 55, Issue 3, Spring 2022, Pages 647–667. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shab014

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Lavinia Fontana was taught painting by her father, and became one of the earliest examples of a woman with an independent career in art that supported her family. She became very well-known for her portraits and her devotional art. 

Research:

• Bohn, Babette. “Women Artists, Their Patrons, and Their Publics in Early Modern Bologna.” Pennsylvania State University Press. 2021.
• Villa, Angelica. “National Gallery of Victoria Acquires Lavinia Fontana Painting to Address ‘Gender Imbalance.’” ARTnews. Feb. 8, 2022. https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/national-gallery-of-victoria-lavinia-fontana-acquisition-1234618453/
• National Gallery of Ireland. “Part 1: Introducing the Lavinia Fontana Conservation and Research Project.” Aug. 22, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_N0nv40TzEk
• National Gallery of Ireland. “Conservation treatment of Lavinia Fontana's painting.” https://www.nationalgallery.ie/explore-and-learn/conservation-and-research-projects/lavinia-fontana-conservation-and-research-0
• Casoni, Felice Antonio. “Medal.” The British Museum. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_G3-IP-370
• Lupi, Livia. “This Day in History: August 11.” Italian Art Society. August 11, 2016. https://www.italianartsociety.org/2016/08/lavinia-fontana-died-on-11-august-1614-in-rome/
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Lavinia Fontana". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lavinia-Fontana
• Sanchez, Francisco Del Rio. “Where did the Queen of Sheba rule—Arabia or Africa?” National Geographic. June 7, 2021. https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2021/06/where-did-the-queen-of-sheba-rule-arabia-or-africa
• McIver, Katherine A. “Renaissance Women Painting Themselves.” Art Herstory. June 8, 2019. https://artherstory.net/self-portraits-by-renaissance-women-artists/
• Murphy, Caroline P. “Lavinia Fontana and ‘Le Dame Della Città’: Understanding Female Artistic Patronage in Late Sixteenth-Century Bologna.” Renaissance Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, 1996, pp. 190–208. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24412268
• “Mannerism.” National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/mannerism.html

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This 2011 episode from prior hosts Sarah and Deblina covers polio, a threat in the early 20th century that often left victims paralyzed or dead. Vaccines caused an immediate drop in polio cases and today have nearly eradicated the disease. 

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Tracy and Holly talk about school science fairs and their performance in them. They then discuss the interesting aspect of Field of Cloth of Gold preparations that put people from England and France side by side as they worked.

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The Field of Cloth of Gold was a summit and celebration that was held to start what was hoped to be a long-term alliance between France and England. And it required a lot of fancy footwork to keep two monarchs appeased. 

Research:

• Richardson, Glenn. “The Field of Cloth of Gold.” Yale University Press. 2020.
• “Henry VIII’s foot combat armour.” Royal Armouries. https://royalarmouries.org/stories/object-of-the-month/object-of-the-month-for-april-henry-viiis-foot-combat-armour/
• Solly, Meilan. “When Henry VIII and Francis I Spent $19 Million on an 18-Day Party.” Smithsonian. June 23, 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/five-hundred-years-ago-henry-viii-and-francis-i-spent-19-million-18-day-party-180975116/
• “The Field of Cloth of Gold.” Historic Royal Palaces. https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/the-field-of-cloth-of-gold/#gs.9xj1t7
• Lay, Paul. “Wolsey’s Own Accord.” History Today. Volume 68, Issue 10. October 2018. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/editor/wolsey%E2%80%99s-own-accord
• Watts, Karen. “Tournaments at the Court of King Henry VIII.” From “Henry VIII in Twenty-First Century Popular Culture.” Lexington Books. 2017.

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The development of penicillin started – but definitely did not end – with the chance discovery of some mold in a petri dish. There is so much more to the story.

Research:

• Bernard, Diane. “How a miracle drug changed the fight against infection during World War II.” Washington Post. 7/11/2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/07/11/penicillin-coronavirus-florey-wwii-infection/
• British Library. “Inventor(s) of the month, Alexander Fleming and the story of Penicillin.” 7/28/2021. https://blogs.bl.uk/business/2021/07/inventors-of-the-month-alexander-fleming.html
• Chain, E. et al. “Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent.” The Lancet. Vol. 236, Issue 6104. 8/24/1940. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)08728-1
• Fleming A. On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their Use in the Isolation of B. influenzæ. Br J Exp Pathol. 1929 Jun;10(3):226–36. PMCID: PMC2048009.
• Gaynes, Robert. “The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use.” Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 May; 23(5): 849–853.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403050/
• Lee, Victoria. “Microbial Transformations.” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, SEPTEMBER 2018, Vol. 48, No. 4. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26507225
• National Museums of Scotland. “Culture Vessel.” https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/science-and-technology/culture-vessel/
• Quinn, Roswell. “Rethinking Antibiotic Research and Development: World War II and the Penicillin Collaborative.” American Journal of Public Health | March 2013, Vol 103, No. 3.
• Scibilia, Anthony Julius. “Being Prometheus in 1943:: Bringing Penicillin to the Working Man.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies , Vol. 80, No. 3 (Summer 2013). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/pennhistory.80.3.0442
• Science History. “Alexander Fleming.” 12/5/2017. https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/alexander-fleming
• Science Museum. “How Was Penicillin Developed?” 2/23/2021. https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/how-was-penicillin-developed
• Shama, Gilbert. “’Déjà Vu’ – The Recycling of Penicillin in Post-liberation Paris.” Pharmacy in History , 2013, Vol. 55, No. 1 (2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23645718
• The Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum, London, UK. “The Discovery and Development of Penicillin 1928-1945.” 11/19/1999. https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin/the-discovery-and-development-of-penicillin-commemorative-booklet.pdf
• Wainwright, Milton. “Moulds in Folk Medicine.” Folklore , 1989, Vol. 100, No. 2 (1989). https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260294
• Wainwright, Milton. “The History of the Therapeutic Use of Crude Penicillin.” Medical History, 1987, 31: 41-50.
• Williams KJ. The introduction of 'chemotherapy' using arsphenamine - the first magic bullet. J R Soc Med. 2009 Aug;102(8):343-8. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k036. PMID: 19679737; PMCID: PMC2726818.
• Wood, Jonathan. “Penicillin: The Oxford Story.” Oxford News Blog. 7/16/2010. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/penicillin-oxford-story
• Zaffiri, Lorenzo et al. “History of Antibiotics. From Salvarsan to Cephalosporins.” Journal of Investigative Surgery, 25, 67–77, 2012.

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The subject of this 2018 episode is sometimes called a 19th-century Rosa Parks. When Elizabeth boarded a Manhattan streetcar in 1854, a chain of events began which became an important to the civil rights of New York's Black citizens.

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Holly speculates about how one article about Josephine Cochrane got so many details wrong. Tracy then talks about the details of Canada's currency featuring Viola Desmond. 

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Desmond was convicted after refusing to leave her seat in a segregated movie theater in Nova Scotia in 1946. But she also established the first beauty salon for Black women her area, and founded a beauty school for Black women.  

Research: 

• Bingham, Russell. "Viola Desmond". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 16 April 2021, Historica Canada. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/viola-desmond. Accessed 09 August 2022.
• Bishop, Henry V. “Viola (Davis) Desmond (b. 1914 — d. 1965): Stand For Justice.” Nova Scotia Archives. https://archives.novascotia.ca/desmond/background/
• Canadian Museum for Human Rights. “One woman’s resistance: Viola Desmond's Story.” https://humanrights.ca/story/one-womans-resistance
• Flynn, Karen. “Remembering Viola Desmond.” Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. 11/2021. https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/remembering-viola-desmond?language_content_entity=en
• "Fred Christie Case (Christie v York)". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 06 June 2020, Historica Canada. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fred-christie-case. Accessed 12 August 2022.
• Henry, Natasha. "Racial Segregation of Black People in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 08 September 2021, Historica Canada. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racial-segregation-of-black-people-in-canada. Accessed 10 August 2022.
• Parks Canada. “Viola Desmond National Historic Person (1914-1965).” https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/culture/clmhc-hsmbc/res/information-backgrounder/Viola_Desmond
• Reynolds, Graham and Wanda Robson. “Viola Desmond: Her Life and Times.” Roseway Publishing. 2018.
• Robson, Wanda. “Sister to courage : stories from the world of Viola Desmond, Canada's Rosa Parks.” Wreck Cove, N.S. : Breton Books. 2010.
• The Halifax Chronicle. “Dismisses Desmond Application.” 5/19/1947. page 14. Via Nova Scotia Archives. https://archives.novascotia.ca/desmond/archives/?ID=28
• "Viola Desmond." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 2022. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631009722/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=1380ef8c. Accessed 8 Aug. 2022.
• Walker, Barrington. “The African Canadian Legal Odyssey: Historical Essays.” Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2012.

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There is one woman in particular who normally gets the credit for inventing the dish washer. But there were other inventors trying to come up with ways to automatically take care of kitchen clean up both before and after Josephine Cochran.

Research:

• Bellis, Mary. "Josephine Cochran and the Invention of the Dishwasher." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/josephine-cochran-dishwasher-4071171.
• Houghton, Joel. “IMPROVEMENT IN MACHINES FOR WASHING TABLE FURNITURE.” United States Patent Office. May 14, 1850. https://todayinsci.com/Events/Patent/DishwashingMachine7365.htm
• Cochran, J.G. “Dish Washing Machine.” U.S. Patent Office. Dec. 28, 1886. https://patents.google.com/patent/US355139
• Fenster, Julie M. “The Woman Who Invented the Dish Washer.” Invention & Technology. Fall 1999. Volume 15, Issue 2. https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/woman-who-invented-dishwasher-1
• “Restoring History: Family Purchases Home of Dishwasher Inventor Josephine Cochrane and Pledges to Return it to its Former Glory.” Whirlpool. July 30, 2020. https://www.whirlpoolcorp.com/restoring-history-dishwasher-inventor-josephine-cochrane/
• Eschner, Kat. “This Time-Saving Patent Paved the Way for the Modern Dishwasher.” Smithsonian. Dec. 28, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/time-saving-patent-paved-way-modern-dishwasher-180967656/
• Ram, Jocelyn, et al. “I’ll Do It Myself.” United States Patent and Trademark Office. https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/journeys-innovation/historical-stories/ill-do-it-myself
• “Josephine Garis Cochran.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. 2006. https://www.invent.org/inductees/josephine-garis-cochran
• Smyser, Sue. “Woman’s Quest to Save Good China Leads to Invention of Dishwasher.” Journal Gazette (Mattoon, Illinois). March 13, 2002. https://www.newspapers.com/image/84706698/?terms=Garis-Cochran&match=1
• “Mrs. Cochran, Who Has Won Success as an Inventor.” The Dispatch (Moline, Illinois). Nov. 16, 1895. https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=55415779&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjMzODYyNTg5OCwiaWF0IjoxNjU5OTY3OTUzLCJleHAiOjE2NjAwNTQzNTN9.a3m-ZQ4f6PFlFUG8ibS-p2qBxNpg0C9Z2gEwg1t5lOU

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This 2014 episode covers why when the Great London Smog descended in December of 1952, nobody initially realized anything unusual was going on. At its largest, it extended 30 kilometers around London, and it killed thousands of people. 

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