Immune

Immune continues a discussion of the immune response to infection with SARS-CoV-2, including vaccines and immunity, effects of BCG and OPV, immunity passports, and answers to listener questions.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Brianne Barker

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• How long will a vaccine really take? (NYTimes)
• Humoral immunity in NYC COVID-19 patients (medRxiv)
• D614G is just a SNP (TWiEVO 55)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Brianne Barker returns to continue a discussion of the immune response to infection with SARS-CoV-2, including use of steroid, coagulation in some patients, cytokine storm, and vaccines.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Brianne Barker

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• IL6 as COVID-19 marker for severity (Med Mal Infect)
• How does COVID-19 kill? (Nature)
• SARS-CoV-2 protective immunity in macaques (bioRxiv)
• SARS antibody titers wane (J Immunol)
• Vaccine roundup (Lab Equip)
• Lung IgG in SARS injury (JCI Insight)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Brianne Barker joins Immune to discuss the immune response to infection with SARS-CoV-2, including immune respones, pathogenesis, immunopathology and more.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Brianne Barker

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• ACE2 in oral mucosa (I J Oral Sci)
• IL6 predictor of COVID-19 death (Int Care Med)
• Protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates (bioRxiv)
• Antibody to SARS-CoV wanes (J Immunol)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Irene Salinas joins Immune to reveal the work of her laboratory on the evolution of mucosal immune responses in teleost fish, the oldest living bony vertebrates.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Irene Salinas

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• Evolution of mucosal Ig in rainbow trout (Sci Immunol)
• Fish olfactory neurons mediate rapid immune response (PNAS)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Steph explains how sepsis induces protective immune memory in NK cells, via histone methylation of the interferon gamma enhancer.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• H3K4me1 mark on memory-like NK cells (Cell Rep)
• Letters read on Immune 27
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Michael Mina joins the Immune team to explain his findings that measles diminishes pre-existing antibodies that protect against infection with other pathogens.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Michael Mina

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• Measles virus infection diminishes pre-existing antibodies (Science)
• Public epitope #1 (TWiV 342)
• Incomplete reconstitution of B cell pools after measles (Sci Immunol)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team explains that short chain fatty acids produced by microbial fermentation of fiber rewire metabolism to enable the production of memory T cells.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• CD8+ T cell memory needs microbiome derived fatty acids (Immune)
• Image credit: Principles of Virology 4e
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!
• Letters read on Immune 25

Stephanie - This Week in Neuroscience Cindy - Graduate Abuse by Derek Lowe Vincent - Funding ends for seeking new viruses

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team reveals a new type of T helper cell that drives the production of IgE, leading to allergic responses.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• New type of T helper cell drives anaphylaxis (Science)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!
• Letters read on Immune 24

Cindy- Lasker Award 2019 Vincent- Eleanor's Breakthrough video

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The immunosomes explain that widely used inbred laboratory mice are not identical, and how to tell them apart.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Genetic variation in laboratory mice (Immunity)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!
• Vaccines and Your Child
• Letters read on Immune 23

Steph- University of Alaska budget crisis Cindy- 90% survival following new Ebolavirus treatments Vincent- Immunology videos at Blausen Medical

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Immune reveals an alternative to a protective vaccine, engineered B cells that produce antiviral antibodies.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Engineering B cells to produce antiviral antibodies (Sci Immun)
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!
• Letters read on Immune 22

Steph- Breath of fresh air Cindy- Biologist found dead Vincent- Nobel Prizes and Nature's Surprises by Erling Norrby

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Immune tackles the finding that patients with Type I diabetes have lymphocytes with both TCR and BCR that may drive the pathogenesis of the disease.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Dual receptor lymphocytes and type I diabetes (Cell)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- Unique Scientists Cindy- Researcher app Vincent- STLR Conversations Podcast

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune trio explains how activation of the inflammasome by a bacterial protein causes blood clotting through a programmed cell death process called pyroptosis.

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• Inflammasome activation triggers blood clotting (Immunity)
• Rotavirus and Nlrp9b inflammasome (Nature)
• Societal Amnesia and vaccines by Cindy Leifer
• Image credit
• Letters read on Immune 20
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- iBiology Immunology Course Cindy- Changing vaccine hesitancy Vincent- Bad Advice by Paul Offit (and Vaccines and Your Child)

Steve- An Elegant Defense

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team discusses immunization of pregnant mice to protect offspring from neonatal herpes simplex virus disease.

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• Maternal immunization protects offspring (Sci Trans Med)
• Diversity of herpesvirus in neonates (TWiV 540)
• Mariana Mazzucato on Freakonomics
• Letters read on Immune 19
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- iNaturalist Cindy- Taking a break is also hard work Vincent- Immunology Wall Posters

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The immunophiles discuss T cell antigen discovery by trogocytosis - the transfer of membrane patches among cells in close contact.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Trogocytosis for T cell antigen discovery (Nat Methods)
• Trogocytosis (J Immunol)
• Orphan T cell receptors (Cell)
• Letters read on Immune 18
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- Scientists rise up against statistical significance Cindy- Why I quit my PhD and returned Vincent- The Law and Vaccine Resistance

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The immunophiles explain how metabolic rewiring of macrophages by CpG promotes clearance of cancer cells.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Darwin Day
• Metabolic rewiring of macrophages by CpG (Nat Immunol)
• Letters read on Immune 17
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- Pregnant Scholar Cindy- Anti-vaxxers vaccinating against measles Vincent- Center for Science in the Public Interest

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team turns to chickens, which have been important in understanding the immune system, to show that infection of mature B cells is not required for the pathogenesis of Marek's disease herpesvirus.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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Links for this episode

• Role of B cells in Marek's disease pathogenesis (PNAS)
• In ovo vaccination (YouTube)
• First chickens lacking B cells (PNAS)
• Letters read on Immune 16
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Weekly Science Picks

Steph - 7 Days Out Cindy - Watson PBS documentary and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory response Vincent - Dads can donate mitochondrial DNA and Chicken puns

Stephanie takes the Immune team on a tour of neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes in mammals, including tethers and slings, neutrophil rolling, and neutrophil nets.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Slings enable neutrophil rolling (Nature)
• Sling video (La Jolla Inst Allergy Immunol)
• Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria (Science)
• Neutrophil review (Sci Immunol)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- Should reviewers remain anonymous? Cindy- Breast Cancer Research Foundation Vincent- Initiative to End Paywalls (The Scientist)

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team explains the science behind the 2018 Nobel Prizes awarded to Allison and Honjo: checkpoint immunotherapy.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine
• 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine (pdf)
• What's in a name?(Can Res Inst)
• Checkpoint inhibitor failures(Nature)
• Image credit
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- Immunobites Cindy- List of immunology Nobels Vincent- Prof. Barker's Immunology lectures

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The ImmuNerds discuss how a cellular long non-coding RNA binds to an innate RNA sensor and regulates virus-induced interferon production to prevent damage to the host.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Host lncRNA binds RIG-I (Cell)
• Microbe Art at virology blog
• Letters read on Immune 13
• Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Steph- That's Pediatrics Podcast Cindy- Trilobite Glassworks Vincent- Research!America

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune trifecta explores systems immunology, and its use in a study of immune system development in newborn children.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Immune system development in newborns (Cell)
• Dead parrots and live wildcats (TWiV 185)
• Pathogenesis card game (JAMA)
• Letters read on Immune 12

Steph- Kaleidoscopean Cindy- 500 women scientists Vincent- NIH budget increase 2019

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Cindy and Vincent describe the construction of a gene network that programs mammalian cells to detect and eliminate bacterial infections.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Cynthia Leifer

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• Immunomimetic designer cells (Cell)
• Antimicrobial drug resistance (NIH)
• Image credit
• Letters read on Immune 11

Cindy - No Tdap link to autism Vincent- Unpaywall

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team travels to the University of Maryland for ASV 2018, where they meet up with Rebecca Lynch to explore her work on broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

Guest: Rebecca Lynch

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• Lynch Laboratory
• Immune merchandise
• Image credit

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team explores the variable lymphocyte receptors of jawless vertebrates, a system of immunity that parallels the structurally unrelated antibodies of jawed vertebrates.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Lamprey VLR responseto influenza virus (eLife)
• VLR-basedimmunity (Ann Rev Immunol)
• How the Immune System Works
• A Commotion in the Blood
• Immune merchandise
• Image credit
• Letters readon Immune 9

Steph- Jon Yewdell on TWiV (208, 467) Cindy- No polio in Venezuela Vincent- Is gaming addiction a thing?

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune team reveals how γδ T cells that synthesize interleukin-17A regulate adipose regulatory T cell homeostasis and thermogenesis.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• γδ17 T cells, T cell homeostasis and thermoregulation (Nat Immunol)
• γδ17 T cells cells at epithelial barriers(Nat Rev Immunol)
• Image credit
• Letters readon Immune 8

Steph- Polycystic ovary syndrome and anti-Mullerian hormone Cindy- Foldscope(Ted talk) Vincent- Virology Lectures 2018

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune hosts discuss how the complement system functions, and its role in early synapse loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Complement and microglia cause synapse loss in Alzheimer's(Science)
• Superresolution structured illumination microscopy
• Image credit

Steph- Social Media for Social Change in Scienceand Structured Illumination Microscopy video Cindy- 314 Action Vincent- Making American great again requires acting on scientific knowledge

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The Immune hosts explain how antibody molecules mature, then discuss the finding in infants of potent neutralizing antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus without somatic hypermutation.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Potent anti-RSV antibodies without somatic hypermutation (Immunity)
• History of vaccine enhanced RSV disease (Clin Vacc Immunol)
• Image credit
• Letters read on Immune #6

Steph - REACTOME project (free icons) Cindy - Gender Imbalance in Stories Vincent - Trump, Tell Us About Your Flu Shot

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The ImmuoModulators provide a primer on mucosal defenses, and explain how sensitizing female mice to food allergens prevents allergic reactions in their offspring.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Food Allergy(Nat Rev Dis Prim)
• Maternal allergen sensitization(J Exp Med)
• Image credit
• Letters readon Immune #5

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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The immu-knowledge-ists deconstruct the holy grail of oncologists, cancer immunotherapy, and the exciting development of CAR T cells and how they work.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Synthetic Immunoreceptors for Cancer Therapy (Trend Mol Med)
• Engineering immune cells to treat cancer (Cell)
• Engineering T cells for fungal infections (PNAS)
• CAR T cells for AIDS (PLoS Path)
• CAR T cells (NIH)
• Image credit
• Letters read on Immune #4

Cindy - What's In A Name? Steph - Novel Targets Vincent - Friendly Penguin

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Cindy, Steph, and Vincent discuss recent problems with dengue virus vaccine, and a bi-specific monoclonal antibody against Zika virus.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Model for dengue ADE (Scitable)
• Dengue ADE in humans (Science)
• Dengvaxia discussion (TWiV 471)
• Bi-specific antibody to Zika virus (Cell)
• Building Zika Virus
• Letters read on Immune #3

Cindy - Questions answered about starving polar bear video Steph - Deep Work by Cal Newport and Grad Student Tax Vincent - Making art with Excel

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Cindy, Steph, and Vincent reveal that lymphocyte trafficking through lymph nodes and lymph are circadian - it is dependent on the time of day.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Circadian clocks control lymphocyte trafficking (Immunity)
• Lymph node image credit
• Letters read on Immune #2

Cindy - Men ask more questions than women at a scientific conference (PLoS One) Steph - House just voted to bankrupt graduate students Vincent - Trump's Legacy: Damaged Brains

Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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Cindy, Steph, and Vincent launch a new podcast, Immune, and reveal how warm temperature protects against atherosclerosis by regulating monocyte migration into the blood.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Stephanie Langel, and Cynthia Leifer

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• Leifer Lab at Cornell
• Stephanie Langel
• Thermoneutrality suppresses monocyte egress from bone marrow (Circ Res)
• Fever regulates immunity (Nat Rev Immunol)
• Macrophage image by Blausen Medical

Cindy - FDA approves second CAR T cell therapy Steph - Gammaherpesvirus protects against asthma Vincent - Truth Wins by Jonathan Yewdell

Intro music is by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical.

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