SpaceTime with Stuart Gary

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In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore some mind-bending revelations about the universe, including a new estimate for its ultimate fate, the peculiar gravity of the asteroid Bennu, and India's ambitious plans for its first manned spaceflight.
The Universe's Unexpected Expiration Date
A groundbreaking study suggests that the universe could meet its end in a mere 10^78 years, significantly sooner than the previously estimated 10^1100 years. This revelation, based on calculations involving Hawking radiation, sheds light on how black holes and other celestial bodies lose mass over time. We discuss the implications of this research and the fascinating mechanics behind black hole evaporation, including the surprising equivalence in decay rates between neutron stars and black holes.
Gravity's Quirks on Asteroid Bennu
Astronomers have uncovered bizarre gravitational dynamics at play on the near-Earth asteroid Bennu, based on data from NASA's Osiris Rex mission. This small celestial body exists in a delicate balance between gravity and centrifugal forces, creating a unique environment that could lead to its eventual disintegration. We delve into how Bennu's increasing rotation might impact its structural integrity and potential future interactions with Earth.
India's Manned Spaceflight Ambitions
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has announced plans for its first manned spaceflight, set to launch in early 2027. This historic mission will follow an unmanned test flight of the Gaganyan spacecraft, which is designed to carry a crew into low Earth orbit. We discuss the training and preparations of the selected Indian Air Force pilots and the technical challenges ISRO faces as it embarks on this new frontier in space exploration.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
https://www.cosmos.esa.int/cosmology
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natastronomy/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 63 for broadcast on 26 May 2025
01:00 New estimates on the universe's end
12:30 The strange gravity of asteroid Bennu
22:45 India's plans for its first manned spaceflight
30:00 Science report: Herpes virus linked to Alzheimer's disease

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This episode of SpaceTime delves into groundbreaking discoveries and theories that reshape our understanding of the universe, including the origins of dark matter, the first visible light auroras on Mars, and new insights into massive X-ray explosions near supermassive black holes.
The Birth of Dark Matter Explained
A new hypothesis suggests that dark matter, which constitutes about 85% of the universe's mass, may have originated from massless particles that condensed as they slowed down. This theory, outlined in the journal Physical Review Letters, proposes that these particles formed during the early universe's chaotic conditions, akin to steam turning into water. We discuss how this model could be tested using existing cosmic microwave background radiation data, potentially revolutionizing our understanding of dark matter's properties and formation.
Visible Light Auroras on Mars
In a historic achievement, NASA's Perseverance rover has captured the first visible light auroras on Mars, confirming long-held theories about Martian atmospheric phenomena. This event, triggered by a massive solar flare, opens up new avenues for auroral research and suggests that future astronauts could witness these stunning displays on the Martian surface. We explore the implications of this discovery and how it enhances our understanding of solar interactions with planetary atmospheres.
Quasiperiodic Eruptions: A New Type of X-ray Explosion
Astronomers have identified a new type of X-ray outburst known as quasiperiodic eruptions, occurring near supermassive black holes. Observed in a galaxy 300 million light-years away, these eruptions exhibit a unique pattern, with events occurring every 4.5 days. We discuss the mechanisms behind these eruptions and their significance in understanding the dynamics of black holes and their surrounding environments.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review Letters
https://journals.aps.org/prl/
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 62 for broadcast on 23 May 2025
01:00 New theory explaining the birth of dark matter
12:15 First visible light auroras detected on Mars
20:30 Discovery of quasiperiodic eruptions near supermassive black holes
30:00 Science report: AI chatbots exaggerate research summaries

This episode of SpaceTime explores the recent surge in solar activity, including the largest solar flare of the year and the most intense geomagnetic storm in two decades.Massive Solar Flare and Its Implications
We delve into the details of a powerful X 2.7 class solar flare that erupted from a newly active sunspot region, AR14087. Although the flare was not initially directed towards Earth, its rotation has now positioned it directly in our path. We discuss the mechanics of solar flares, their classification, and the potential impacts of such events on our planet, including disruptions to communication systems, satellite operations, and even power grids.The Gannon Storm: A Historic Geomagnetic Event
The episode highlights the Gannon Storm, a severe geomagnetic storm that struck Earth on May 10, 2024. Coinciding with a space weather exercise, this event caused significant disruptions, including high voltage power line failures and rerouted flights due to radiation exposure. We analyze its effects on the atmosphere, satellites, and even the ionosphere, revealing insights into how such storms can impact modern technology.Ancient Solar Storms and Their Modern Implications
In a fascinating segment, we discuss a groundbreaking study that identifies the strongest solar storm ever recorded, dating back to 12350 BCE. This ancient event, significantly more intense than any modern storm, provides invaluable data for understanding solar activity and its potential risks to contemporary infrastructure.Science Robert: Long Work Hours and Brain Changes
We also touch on a new study revealing how long working hours could alter brain structures, potentially affecting memory and emotional regulation.Join us as we unpack these cosmic phenomena and their implications for life on Earth and beyond.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine
https://journals.lww.com/joem/Pages/default.aspx
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 Solar flares are powerful blasts of energy erupting from sunspots
10:30 May 2024 was the biggest geomagnetic storm in over 20 years
14:29 New study reveals strongest solar event ever recorded, rewriting science on space weather
18:23 A new study claims people who work long hours could have altered brain structures

This episode of SpaceTime covers a range of exciting topics, including the delayed launch of Gilmour Space's Eris rocket, groundbreaking discoveries on Venus, and a billion-year-old asteroid impact in Scotland that raises new questions about the evolution of life on Earth.
Eris Rocket Launch Delayed
Gilmour Space has postponed the maiden launch of its Eris orbital rocket due to technical issues encountered during pre-flight checks. The rocket, designed to carry small satellite payloads, will now face a delay of at least three weeks as the company investigates the unexpected deployment of the launch vehicle's nosecone fairings. We discuss the implications of this delay and what it means for future commercial launches.
Tectonic Activity on Venus
In a fascinating discovery, scientists have identified possible tectonic activity on Venus, based on data from NASA's Magellan mission. Researchers found evidence of unique geological features known as coronae, which may indicate ongoing deformation of the planet's surface due to molten material from below. This research not only enhances our understanding of Venus but also offers insights into Earth's geological history.
Ancient Asteroid Impact in Scotland
A recent study has revealed that a massive asteroid impact in Scotland occurred 990 million years ago, much later than previously thought. This discovery, based on dating tiny zircon crystals, suggests a connection between this impact event and the emergence of early freshwater eukaryotes on land. We delve into the implications of this revised timeline for our understanding of life on Earth and the environmental changes triggered by such impacts.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
Journal of Geology
https://www.geosociety.org/publications/gsa/geo.asp
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 60 for broadcast on 19 May 2025
00:54 Gilmour Space's Eris rocket launch delayed
10:15 Possible tectonic activity discovered on Venus
18:45 Billion-year-old asteroid impact in Scotland raises questions about early life on Earth
25:00 Science report: Unexplained communications equipment found in Chinese-made solar panel inverters

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This episode of SpaceTime dives deep into the intriguing findings from Mars, the peculiar behavior of a family of stars, and the latest developments in NASA's Artemis program.
Possible Martian Biosignatures
Scientists are captivated by the potential detection of biosignatures in a rock sample named Chayava Falls, collected by NASA's Perseverance rover. This rock, filled with unique chemical signatures, raises questions about the possibility of ancient microbial life on Mars. The analysis reveals organic compounds and distinctive structures, prompting further investigation to determine their origins and implications for past life on the Red Planet.
Strange Stellar Family
In an unexpected discovery, astronomers have identified a cluster of over a thousand young stars, named Ophion, that are behaving in a chaotic manner, rapidly dispersing instead of forming stable groups. This unusual behavior challenges existing theories about star formation and raises questions about the influences of nearby massive stellar groups and past supernovae on their movement.
Artemis 2 Orion Capsule Delivered
The Orion capsule designated for NASA's Artemis 2 mission has officially been handed over to NASA after final assembly and testing. This advanced spacecraft is set to carry a crew of four on a mission to orbit the Moon, marking a significant step towards future lunar exploration. We discuss the enhancements made to Orion since Artemis 1 and the preparations for its upcoming launch.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X
NASA Perseverance Rover
https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/
NASA Artemis Program
https://www.nasa.gov/artemis
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 59 for broadcast on 16 May 2025
00:54 Possible biosignatures detected on Mars
12:15 The unusual behavior of the Ophion star cluster
20:30 Artemis 2 Orion capsule delivered to NASA for preparations
25:00 Science report: Technology use around children and its effects on health

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This episode of SpaceTime delves into the latest revelations in the cosmos, exploring groundbreaking theories about dark matter and the future of lunar exploration.
New Insights into Dark Matter
Astronomers have made a significant breakthrough in understanding dark matter, revealing a potential new type of less massive dark matter at the center of the Milky Way. This study, published in Physical Review Letters, suggests that huge clouds of positively charged hydrogen may be linked to this elusive substance. The findings challenge existing models of dark matter, proposing that lighter particles may be responsible for unexplained chemical reactions observed in the galactic center.
Lunar Gateway Space Station Takes Shape
In an exciting development for lunar exploration, the first habitation module for the Lunar Gateway Space Station has arrived in the United States. Known as the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO), this module will serve as a command hub for future missions to the Moon and Mars. We discuss the integration of HALO with the Power and Propulsion Element and the implications for the Artemis program.
Space Junk Threatens the ISS
We also cover the alarming increase in space debris, as NASA is forced to maneuver the International Space Station to avoid a potential collision with fragments of a Chinese rocket. This ongoing issue highlights the growing challenges of maintaining a safe orbital environment for astronauts aboard the ISS.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Physical Review Letters
https://journals.aps.org/prl/
NASA Lunar Gateway
https://www.nasa.gov/gateway
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 58 for broadcast on 14 May 2025
00:54 New insights into dark matter in the Milky Way
10:30 The Lunar Gateway Space Station's HALO module arrives
17:15 Space junk threatens the International Space Station
20:45 Science report: Insights into Earth's population growth and continental movement

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This episode of SpaceTime explores remarkable discoveries and urgent cosmic events that are reshaping our understanding of the universe.
New Giant Galaxies Discovered
Astronomers unveil the discovery of 15 new giant radio galaxies, each spanning over 3 million light years and hosting supermassive black holes. Utilizing the advanced capabilities of the Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder (ASCAP), researchers reveal the unique characteristics of these galaxies, including their powerful jets and lobes traveling at superluminal speeds. We delve into the implications of these findings for our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution.
Changes on Titan
Next, we discuss the intriguing changes occurring on Saturn's moon Titan, which is experiencing rapid orbital changes on geological timescales. Scientists explore the factors influencing Titan's tidal dissipation rate and what it reveals about the moon's internal structure and history. This study provides insights into the dynamic processes at play in our solar system's moons.
Failed Soviet Spacecraft Returns
We also cover the dramatic re-entry of the Kosmos 482, a failed Soviet spacecraft that spent 53 years in orbit before crashing back to Earth. Launched in 1972 on a mission to Venus, the spacecraft's uncontrolled descent raises concerns about space debris and its potential impact on Earth.
AI and Humanity's Future
Finally, we tackle the controversial topic of artificial intelligence and its potential risks to humanity. With AI evolving at an unprecedented pace, we examine the findings of a new study that assesses the likelihood of AI leading to human extinction. As science fiction warns of a future dominated by AI, we explore the reality of these threats and what they mean for our future.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
Journal of the American Medical Association
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is space time series 28, episode 57 for broadcast on 12 May 2025
00:54 Astronomers have discovered 15 giant radio galaxies each hosting a supermassive black hole
09:35 You're still learning about these galaxies
11:57 Now you, uh, mentioned starburst galaxies earlier. What are we seeing in elliptical galaxies when this happens
15:04 Foreign astronomers have discovered that the orbit of the moon Titan is changing quickly
18:49 A failed Soviet era spacecraft has crashed back to Earth
21:24 New study claims there's still little chance of artificial intelligence actually...

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In this episode of SpaceTime, we unveil a stunning new ultraviolet map of the Milky Way galaxy, thanks to NASA's New Horizons spacecraft. This groundbreaking observation, published in the Astronomical Journal, provides astronomers with unprecedented insights into the galactic environment surrounding our solar system. We discuss how these findings challenge existing theories about interstellar hydrogen emissions and reveal the complex structures of hot interstellar gas bubbles.
Exploring Mars with Perseverance
Next, we follow NASA's Perseverance Rover as it investigates the intriguing rock formations at the Jezero crater rim. Discover how the rover is analyzing the contrasting layers of rock, searching for clues about Mars's geological history and the processes that shaped its surface.
Psyche Spacecraft Troubles
Finally, we address the ongoing investigation into a significant issue with the electric propulsion system of NASA's Psyche spacecraft. Launched in 2023, this mission aims to explore the metallic asteroid 16 Psyche. We delve into the challenges faced by mission managers and discuss potential solutions to ensure the spacecraft continues on its path to unravel the mysteries of planetary cores.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astronomical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X
NASA Perseverance Rover
https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/
NASA Psyche Mission
https://www.nasa.gov/psyche
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, episode 56 for broadcast on 9 May 2025
00:45 NASA's New Horizons spacecraft reveals a new ultraviolet map of the Milky Way
12:30 Mars Perseverance Rover continues its exploration of Jezero crater
18:15 NASA investigates issues with the Psyche spacecraft's electric propulsion system
22:00 Skywatch: May night skies and celestial events

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This episode of SpaceTime dives deep into the cosmos, revealing groundbreaking insights into the origins of heavy elements and the geological history of Mars.First, we explore a revolutionary study that uncovers how giant exploding stars produce uranium and other heavy elements. Researchers are now investigating gamma-ray burst jets and the surrounding cocoon formed by collapsed stars. This new framework suggests that high-energy photons can dissolve stellar material into neutrons, leading to the creation of heavy elements through a rapid neutron capture process. We discuss the implications of these findings and how they challenge long-held beliefs about nucleosynthesis in the universe.Shattering Beliefs About Asteroid Vesta
Next, we turn our attention to the asteroid Vesta, where a recent study published in Nature Astronomy reveals that its interior structure is far more uniform than previously thought. This discovery has led scientists to reconsider Vesta's identity, proposing that it may simply be a large asteroid rather than a protoplanet. We examine the research that challenges decades of assumptions about Vesta's formation and its role in understanding the early solar system.Did It Rain or Snow on Ancient Mars?
Finally, we investigate the ancient climate of Mars, with a new study suggesting that geological formations on the planet were shaped by heavy precipitation, indicating a warmer and wetter past. This research utilizes computer simulations to analyze how rain and snow may have contributed to the development of Martian valleys and channels. We discuss the significance of these findings and their implications for our understanding of Mars's climatic history.www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
Journal of Geophysical Research Planets
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699356
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 New study provides clues explaining how exploding stars produce uranium and other heavy elements
06:21 New study suggests giant asteroid Vesta is really just a big asteroid
15:19 New study suggests heavy precipitation likely fed valleys on ancient Mars
19:49 A new study warns that microplastic pollution could compromise ocean carbon
22:17 More than 31,000 passwords belonging to Australian banks have been stolen
24:47 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through

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This episode of SpaceTime explores fascinating new discoveries and urgent updates from the cosmos.First, astronomers have identified a vast molecular gas and dust cloud named Eos, located just 300 light years away from Earth. This remarkable finding, published in the journal Nature Astronomy, marks the first detection of a molecular cloud using far ultraviolet emissions of molecular hydrogen. Eos, which is composed primarily of hydrogen, presents unique opportunities for studying the interstellar medium and the processes of star formation. We discuss the implications of this discovery and how it could reshape our understanding of molecular clouds across the galaxy.Jupiter's Polar Cyclones Under the Microscope
Next, we delve into the latest revelations from NASA's Juno mission, which is providing new insights into Jupiter's ferocious polar cyclones and the volcanic activity on its moon Io. With fresh observations, scientists are uncovering the dynamics of Jupiter's atmosphere and the subsurface temperature profile of Io, shedding light on the gas giant's extreme weather patterns and the moon's geological activity.Out of Control Russian Spacecraft
Finally, we discuss the impending re-entry of the Venera 8 spacecraft, a remnant of the Soviet era, which is expected to crash back to Earth on May 10. Launched in 1972, this spacecraft has been tumbling in low Earth orbit for over five decades. We examine the risks associated with its uncontrolled descent and the potential impact it may have upon re-entry.www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
NASA Juno Mission
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is space Time Series 28, episode 54 for broadcast on the 5th May, 2025
00:48 Astronomers have discovered a vast invisible molecular, gas and dust cloud near Earth
12:40 Two key experiments are needed to help us understand the origin of Jupiter
15:42 A failed Soviet spacecraft designed to land on Venus is about to crash on Earth
19:00 New study claims people who use cannabis have higher risk of heart attack
21:12 New study claims ghost lanterns in South Carolina may be caused by earthquakes

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In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking discoveries and updates from the cosmos. First, NASA's Curiosity Rover has revealed evidence of a carbon cycle on Mars, with significant carbon deposits found in Gale Crater. This finding, detailed in the journal Science, brings researchers closer to understanding Mars's potential to support life in its past. We discuss the implications of these findings and what they mean for the Red Planet's climatic history and habitability.
Square Kilometer Array Update
Next, we provide an exciting update on the billion-dollar Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project, the world's largest radio telescope currently under construction in Australia and South Africa. We explore how this massive facility will revolutionize our understanding of the universe, operating at unprecedented speeds and sensitivities. With 132,000 antennas spread over vast distances, the SKA aims to answer fundamental questions about gravity, magnetism, and the evolution of galaxies.
Busy Times at the International Space Station
Finally, we take a look at the bustling activity aboard the International Space Station. With recent crew returns and new cargo deliveries, including groundbreaking experiments on time measurement and gravitational research, the ISS continues to be a hub of scientific advancement. We discuss the latest missions and what they mean for future exploration and research in space.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science
https://www.science.org/
Square Kilometer Array
https://www.skao.int/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is space Time Series 28, episode 53 for broadcast on 2 May 2025
00:25 NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover finds evidence of a carbon cycle on the Red Planet
03:51 Construction works well advanced on world's largest radio telescope, the SKA
07:40 Scientists are building the world's largest radio telescope to probe the deep universe
10:40 Three crew members from the International Space Station have successfully returned to Earth
13:44 Previous studies suggested H5N1 bird flu could spread easily between mammals
16:33 Australian Skeptics has debunked 15 popular supernatural claims
20:00 Some of the things people take seriously have since been proved to Be fake
24:23 Haunted locations are always dangerous. Are ghosts always dangerous?

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In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the mysterious absence of river deltas on Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. Despite having rivers of methane and ethane, a new study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research Planets reveals that Titan is largely devoid of these geological features, raising intriguing questions about its unique processes and history. We discuss the implications of this finding and what it means for our understanding of Titan's climate and geological past.
Volcanic History of Mars
Next, we explore groundbreaking research from NASA's Perseverance rover, which has uncovered a diverse array of iron-rich volcanic rocks in Jezero Crater. This study, reported in Science Advances, provides fresh insights into Mars's geological history and its potential to have supported ancient life. The findings reveal complex volcanic processes that may have occurred on the Red Planet, enhancing our understanding of its habitability.
Rare Earth Metals in Exoplanet Atmosphere
Finally, we celebrate the discovery of rare Earth metals in the atmosphere of Kelt 9b, one of the hottest known exoplanets. Astronomers have detected vaporized elements such as sodium, magnesium, and the rare Earth metals scandium and yttrium, marking a significant milestone in exoplanet research. This discovery opens new avenues for understanding the atmospheres of distant worlds and their unique compositions.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Geophysical Research Planets
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699356
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 This is space Time Series 28, Episode 52 for broadcast on 30 April 2025
00:46 Scientists are looking for Titan's missing river deltas
06:02 NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover is analyzing Martian volcanic rocks
10:17 Astronomers have discovered rare Earth metals in the atmosphere of a hot exoplanet
17:58 People who were conceived during colder seasons store fat differently, study finds
20:25 YouTube is celebrating its 20th birthday with some interesting stats
22:16 Google to launch Android 16 three or four months earlier than Apple's iOS

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In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the intriguing phenomena of coronal holes on the Sun and their significant impact on space weather. A new study published in Scientific Reports reveals how these magnetic windows are launching supersonic solar wind streams into the heliosphere, providing crucial insights for future solar monitoring missions like ESA's Vigil. We discuss the dangers posed by solar storms to Earth's infrastructure and how advanced forecasting can mitigate these risks.
Watery Past of Mars
Next, we uncover exciting findings from NASA's Perseverance rover, which suggest that Mars once had widespread water, as indicated by the presence of calcium sulfate minerals. Utilizing innovative X-ray backscattered diffraction techniques, scientists are piecing together the planet's geological history and its potential for past life.
NASA's Lucy Mission Success
Finally, we celebrate the successful flyby of the main belt asteroid Donaldjohanson by NASA's Lucy spacecraft. Captured images reveal its unique potato-like shape and complex geology, shedding light on the building blocks of our solar system. With future encounters on the horizon, Lucy aims to enhance our understanding of planetary formation.

www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/srep
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

In this episode of SpaceTime, we unveil groundbreaking evidence that challenges previously held theories about the origins of Earth's water. Recent findings published in the journal Icarus indicate that rather than being delivered by asteroids and comets, Earth's water may have formed alongside the planet itself. The study utilizes a unique meteorite known as the enstatite chondrite to reveal a rich source of hydrogen essential for water formation, reshaping our understanding of how life-sustaining conditions developed on Earth.
The Enigmatic Magnetic Field of Mars
Next, we delve into the curious case of Mars's magnetic field, which has puzzled scientists for decades. A new study suggests that the strange magnetic signatures observed on the Red Planet could be attributed to a partially molten core predominantly covering the southern hemisphere. This research provides fresh insights into Mars's geological history and the implications for its atmospheric evolution, as the planet transitioned from a warm, wet environment to the arid desert we see today.
The Lyrids Meteor Shower
Additionally, we celebrate one of humanity's oldest known meteor showers, the Lyrids, which are currently dazzling skywatchers. First recorded over 2,700 years ago, these meteors originate from comet Thatcher and promise a beautiful celestial display. Although not as prolific as other meteor showers, the Lyrids offer a captivating spectacle for stargazers, with expectations of 10 to 15 meteors per hour during peak viewing times.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 50 for broadcast on 25 April 2025
00:49 New evidence on the origins of Earth's water
06:30 Analysis of the enstatite chondrite meteorite
12:15 The mystery of Mars's magnetic field
18:00 Implications of a partially molten Martian core
22:45 Overview of the Lyrids meteor shower
27:00 Summary of recent astronomical findings
30:15 Science report: Health risks linked to food additives
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✍️ Episode References
Icarus
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/icarus
Geophysical Research Letters
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19449224
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
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NASA's Lucy Mission, Neutrino Mass Breakthrough, and Martian Rock Discoveries
In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into NASA's Lucy spacecraft as it prepares for a close flyby of the asteroid Donaldjohanson, located in the main asteroid belt. The spacecraft will autonomously track and observe this 3km wide space rock, gathering crucial data that could shed light on its peculiar formation and geological history. This encounter serves as a vital rehearsal for Lucy's upcoming mission to explore Jupiter's Trojan asteroids, promising insights into the early solar system.
A New Upper Limit for Neutrino Mass
Next, we discuss a groundbreaking study that has established a new upper limit for the mass of the elusive neutrino, now determined to be less than 0.45 electron volts. This significant finding not only narrows the particle's mass range but also challenges existing theories in particle physics, pushing the boundaries of our understanding of the universe's fundamental forces.
Intriguing Martian Richie Outcrops
Additionally, we explore the fascinating discoveries made by NASA's Mars Perseverance rover on the rim of Jezero Crater. The rover has uncovered a diverse array of rock types, providing a unique glimpse into Martian history and the planet's potential for past habitability. With multiple rock samples collected and analyzed, Perseverance continues to unveil the geological secrets of the Red Planet.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 49 for broadcast on 23 April 2025
00:49 Lucy spacecraft's close encounter with asteroid Donaldjohanson
06:30 Insights into the asteroid's formation and geology
12:15 New upper limit established for neutrino mass
18:00 Implications for particle physics and the standard model
22:45 Mars Perseverance rover's discoveries on Jezero Crater
27:00 Summary of recent planetary exploration findings
30:15 Science report: Weather extremes and lab-grown chicken nuggets
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✍️ Episode References
Science Journal
https://www.science.org
Planetary Science Journal
https://www.planetarysciencereview.com
NASA

Hints of Alien Life, a Galactic Mystery, and Juno's Safe Mode Incident
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking revelations suggesting the potential for alien life beyond Earth. Using NASA's Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have detected chemical signatures of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide in the atmosphere of the exoplanet K2 18 b, a sub-Neptune world located 124 light years away in the habitable zone of its host star. While these findings are incredibly promising, researchers urge caution as they work to confirm these biosignatures through further observations.
A Surprising Spiral Galaxy from the Early Universe
Next, we dive into the discovery of a surprisingly large spiral galaxy dating back 11.4 billion years, which challenges current models of galaxy formation. This massive galaxy, dubbed the "Big Wheel," is three times larger than expected for its time, prompting astronomers to rethink how galaxies can grow and evolve in the early universe. The implications of this finding could reshape our understanding of cosmic structure and formation processes.
NASA's Juno Spacecraft in Safe Mode
Additionally, we discuss a recent anomaly that forced NASA's Juno spacecraft to enter safe mode during a close flyby of Jupiter. The spacecraft's precautionary measures allowed it to protect its systems and continue diagnostics, ensuring the mission's ongoing success as it gathers vital data about the gas giant and its moons.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 48 for broadcast on 21 April 2025
00:49 Potential biosignatures detected on K2 18 b
06:30 Implications for the search for extraterrestrial life
12:15 Discovery of an ancient spiral galaxy in the early universe
18:00 Challenges to current galaxy formation models
22:45 Juno spacecraft enters safe mode after anomaly
27:00 Summary of recent astronomical discoveries
30:15 Science report: Health benefits of sauerkraut and lunar dust solar panels
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✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/nature-astronomy/
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
https://aem.asm.org/
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Exploring Uranus's Rotational Secrets, New Crew at the ISS, and the Dangers of Space Travel
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into groundbreaking measurements of Uranus's rotational rate, achieved with unprecedented accuracy by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. This new technique, which analyzed over a decade of observations of the planet's auroras, provides essential insights into Uranus's complex atmosphere and magnetic field, establishing a vital reference point for future planetary studies.
A New Crew Arrives at the International Space Station
Next, we cover the arrival of a new crew aboard the International Space Station, as the Russian Soyuz MS-27 spacecraft successfully docks with the orbiting outpost. The crew, consisting of two Russians and an American, will spend eight months conducting over 200 experiments and performing maintenance on the station.
The Dangers of Going into Space
Additionally, we discuss the various dangers associated with human spaceflight, including the effects of microgravity on the human body, radiation exposure, and the physical challenges astronauts face during long-duration missions. Experts from NASA highlight the ongoing research to ensure astronaut safety as humanity prepares for deeper space exploration.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 47 for broadcast on 18 April 2025
00:49 Hubble's measurements of Uranus's rotational rate
06:30 Implications for future planetary research
12:15 New crew arrival at the ISS aboard Soyuz MS-27
18:00 Overview of the crew's mission and experiments
22:45 Dangers of human spaceflight and health impacts
27:00 Summary of recent space exploration news
30:15 Science report: Lab-grown meat flavor innovations
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✍️ Episode References
Nature
https://www.nature.com
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 46
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Unraveling Black Hole Jets, Martian Dust Devils, and Earth's Tectonic Mysteries
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking research that sheds light on how black holes generate their powerful plasma jets. A new study reveals that these jets are formed when superheated gas experiences a rapid shrinking towards the black hole's event horizon, offering insights into galaxy evolution and the fundamental physics of black holes. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding cosmic phenomena and the behavior of matter in extreme gravitational fields.
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover Observes Martian Twisters
Next, we delve into the fascinating observations made by NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover, which has captured images of dust devils swirling on the rim of Jezero Crater. These dust devils, including one consuming another, provide important data on Martian atmospheric conditions and help refine our climate models of the Red Planet. The rover's findings highlight the role of these phenomena in influencing Martian weather and surface interactions.
New Insights into Earth's Tectonic Plates
Additionally, we discuss a new study that uncovers how anomalies in the Earth's mantle transition zone affect the movement of tectonic plates. The research suggests that thick basaltic rock compositions within this zone can influence the trajectory and speed of subducting plates, which is vital for understanding the recycling of surface materials and the long-term stability of Earth's climate. This discovery opens new avenues for studying plate tectonics and its implications for our planet's habitability.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 46 for broadcast on 16 April 2025
00:49 Mechanisms behind black hole jet formation
06:30 Implications for galaxy evolution and black hole physics
12:15 Mars Perseverance Rover's dust devil observations
18:00 Importance of dust devils in Martian climate studies
22:45 Insights into Earth's tectonic plate movement
27:00 Summary of recent geological findings
30:15 Science report: Social media's impact on body image
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✍️ Episode References
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/pasj
Nature
https://www.nature.com
PLOS One
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/
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(00:00:00) Lunar Water Disparities Explored, Asteroid 2024 YR4's Moonbound Journey
(00:00:46) Lunar Water Differences
(00:03:47) Asteroid 2024 YR4: From Earth Threat to Lunar Target
(00:06:33) Singing Stars and Galactic History
(00:18:56) The Science Report
(00:25:11) Show Wrap

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 45
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Uncovering Lunar Water Discrepancies, Asteroid 2024 YR4's Moon Targeting, and Stellar Seismology Insights
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the intriguing findings from China's Chang'e 6 sample return mission, which reveal that the Moon's far side is significantly drier than its near side. This discovery sheds light on the geochemical differences between the two hemispheres and offers fresh perspectives on lunar evolution and the implications for the Moon's origin.
Asteroid 2024 YR4: From Earth Threat to Lunar Target
Next, we track the journey of asteroid 2024 YR4, which initially garnered attention as a potential Earth impactor. However, new observations indicate that this 60-meter-wide asteroid is now on a collision course with the Moon, raising the likelihood of an impact to 3.5%. We discuss its unique characteristics and the ongoing studies aimed at understanding its origins and physical properties.
Singing Stars and Galactic History
Additionally, we explore how stellar seismology is revealing the evolutionary history of stars in the open cluster Messier 67. By analyzing the oscillations of these stars, astronomers can map the history of the Milky Way and gain insights into stellar evolution. This innovative approach provides a deeper understanding of the life cycles of stars and their contributions to galactic archaeology.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 45 for broadcast on 14 April 2025
00:49 Findings from Chang'e 6 about lunar water distribution
06:30 Implications for lunar evolution and origin theories
12:15 Asteroid 2024 YR4's trajectory and characteristics
18:00 Transition from Earth impactor to Moon target
22:45 Stellar seismology insights from Messier 67
27:00 Summary of recent astronomical discoveries
30:15 Science report: Genetic engineering and the dire wolf
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✍️ Episode References
Nature
https://www.nature.com
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 44
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
New Discoveries About Uranus, the 2025 Space Environment Robert on Space Junk, and NASA's Starliner Testing Updates
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking insights into the atmosphere of Uranus, derived from two decades of observations by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. Uranus, an ice giant with its unique tilt and rotation, reveals complex atmospheric dynamics that scientists are just beginning to understand. We discuss the implications of Hubble's findings, including the distribution of methane and the changing aerosol structures as the planet approaches its northern summer solstice in 2030.
The 2025 Space Environment Robert
Next, we delve into the European Space Agency's 2025 Space Environment Robert, highlighting the growing challenge of space debris orbiting Earth. With thousands of defunct satellites and rocket stages contributing to the clutter, we examine the risks posed to operational spacecraft and the urgent need for international debris reduction measures. The report underscores the potential for catastrophic chain reactions in space, known as Kessler Syndrome, and the pressing need for sustainable practices in orbit.
Nasa and Boeing's Starliner Testing Preparations
Additionally, we provide updates on NASA and Boeing's ongoing efforts to address issues with the CST-100 Starliner spacecraft. Following a series of test flight challenges, the teams are preparing for new evaluations and propulsion system tests aimed at certifying Starliner for future crewed missions. We discuss the history of Starliner's difficulties and what lies ahead in its journey to becoming a reliable transport vehicle for astronauts.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 44 for broadcast on 11 April 2025
00:49 New insights into Uranus's atmospheric dynamics
06:30 Hubble's long-term observations and their implications
12:15 Overview of the 2025 Space Environment Robert
18:00 The growing threat of space debris
22:45 NASA and Boeing's Starliner testing updates
27:00 Summary of recent space exploration developments
30:15 Science report: Microplastics and health impacts
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✍️ Episode References
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
Become a supporter of this podcast: 

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 43
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Exploring Venusian Volcanoes, the End of the Gaia Mission, and SpaceX's Historic Polar Orbit Launch
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the geological mysteries of Venus, where new research suggests that convection in its crust may explain the planet's numerous volcanoes. Unlike Earth, which supports life, Venus is a harsh environment with extreme temperatures and a crushing atmosphere. We discuss how this convection could indicate a more active geological landscape than previously understood, shedding light on the planet's evolution.
The Conclusion of the Gaia Mission
Next, we mark the end of an era as the European Space Agency officially powers down the Gaia spacecraft. After over a decade of groundbreaking work mapping the Milky Way, Gaia has provided invaluable data that has transformed our understanding of the galaxy. We highlight the mission's key achievements and the lasting legacy of its extensive data archive that will continue to inform astronomical research for years to come.
SpaceX's Manned Polar Orbit Mission
Additionally, we celebrate SpaceX's successful launch of its first manned mission to orbit above the Earth's poles. This historic flight, which included a variety of scientific experiments, showcases the capabilities of modern space travel and the potential for future polar exploration. We detail the mission's objectives, the crew's experiences, and the significance of this achievement in the context of human spaceflight.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 43 for broadcast on 9 April 2025
00:49 New study on volcanic activity on Venus
06:30 Implications of convection in Venus's crust
12:15 The end of the Gaia mission and its contributions
18:00 Highlights of Gaia's discoveries and data legacy
22:45 SpaceX's first manned polar orbit mission
27:00 Summary of recent space exploration milestones
30:15 Science report: Antibiotic use in livestock and environmental impacts
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✍️ Episode References
Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/physics-of-the-earth-and-planetary-interiors
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 42
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Unraveling Antimatter Mysteries, New Techniques to Detect Dark Matter, and Insights into the Spectrum Rocket Failure
In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking discoveries at the Large Hadron Collider, where physicists have identified a significant difference in the decay behaviors of ordinary matter and antimatter. This finding could provide vital clues to understanding why our universe is dominated by matter despite the Big Bang's creation of equal amounts of both. We explore the implications of these results and how they align with the Standard Model of particle physics.
Innovative Approaches to Dark Matter Detection
Next, we discuss an innovative new technique developed by researchers at the University of Queensland to detect dark matter using atomic clocks and cavity-stabilized lasers. This cutting-edge approach aims to uncover the elusive nature of dark matter, which constitutes about 80% of the universe yet remains largely a mystery. We examine how this method could lead to new insights into the distribution and properties of dark matter.
Spectrum Rocket Launch Failure Investigation
Additionally, we analyze the recent failure of the Spectrum rocket during its inaugural launch from Norway. Investigators are looking into the causes of the incident, which involved thrust vectoring oscillations leading to the rocket's loss of control. We discuss potential technical issues and what this means for future European orbital launches.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 42 for broadcast on 7 April 2025
00:49 Discovery of decay differences between matter and antimatter
06:30 Implications for understanding the universe's matter dominance
12:15 New techniques for detecting dark matter
18:00 Using atomic clocks for dark matter research
22:45 Analysis of the Spectrum rocket failure
27:00 Summary of recent scientific developments
30:15 Science report: Southern Ocean warming impacts
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✍️ Episode References
Physical Review Letters
https://journals.aps.org/prl/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 41
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Mysterious Red Sprite Lightning, Shocking Spherules on Mars, and a New Geological Map of the Asteroid Belt
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the breathtaking phenomenon of red sprite lightning captured over the Himalayas. Chinese astrophotographers documented over 100 of these rare electrical discharges, revealing insights into the complex thunderstorms of the region. We discuss the mechanisms behind these sprites and their implications for understanding upper atmospheric phenomena.
Shocking Discoveries on Mars
Next, we turn our attention to Mars, where NASA's Perseverance rover has uncovered a strange rock formation composed of hundreds of millimeter-sized spheres. This unexpected discovery raises questions about the geological processes that could create such features, prompting scientists to investigate their origins and significance for Mars' geological history.
New Geological Map of the Asteroid Belt
Additionally, we delve into a new geological map of the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, which has been developed to enhance our understanding of meteorite origins and planetary defense. This groundbreaking work traces the impact orbits of meteorites, providing a clearer picture of how asteroid collisions contribute to the debris we observe on Earth.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 41 for broadcast on 4 April 2025
00:49 Capturing red sprite lightning over the Himalayas
06:30 Mechanisms behind the upper atmospheric electrical discharges
12:15 Discovery of strange spherules on Mars
18:00 Implications for Martian geology and history
22:45 New geological map of the asteroid belt
27:00 Summary of recent astronomical findings
30:15 Skywatch: Highlights of April night skies
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✍️ Episode References
Advances in Atmospheric Sciences
https://www.springer.com/journal/13274
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Meteoritics and Planetary Science
https://www.mps-journal.org/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 Scientists have captured rare images of red sprite lightning high above thunderstorms
05:20 The Mars Perseverance rover has discovered a strange rock composed of spheres
08:41 Knowing from what asteroid debris field meteorites originate is important for planetary defense...

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 40
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Largest Organic Molecule Discovered on Mars, Parker Solar Probe's Close Encounter with the Sun, and New Insights into Earth's Formation
In this episode of SpaceTime, we discuss the remarkable discovery made by NASA's Curiosity Rover, which has identified the largest organic molecules ever found on Mars. These molecules, potentially remnants of fatty acids, suggest that prebiotic chemistry may have progressed further on the Red Planet than previously thought. We delve into the implications of these findings for future Mars sample return missions and the search for signs of past life.
Parker Solar Probe's Record-Breaking Philip
We also cover the Parker Solar Probe's successful close encounter with the Sun, where it reached an unprecedented distance of just 6.1 million kilometers from the solar surface. This flyby allowed for unique scientific observations of the Sun's corona and solar wind, providing crucial data that can enhance our understanding of solar phenomena and their impact on space weather.
New Insights into Earth's Early Formation
Additionally, we explore a groundbreaking study that challenges existing assumptions about the formation of Earth's lower mantle. Researchers have found evidence suggesting that the dynamics of Earth's early formation may have involved low-pressure crystallization, altering our understanding of how terrestrial planets evolve.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 40 for broadcast on 2 April 2025
00:49 Discovery of largest organic molecules on Mars
06:30 Implications for prebiotic chemistry and sample return missions
12:15 Parker Solar Probe's record-setting solar encounter
18:00 Observations of the Sun's corona and solar wind
22:45 New insights into Earth's lower mantle formation
27:00 Summary of recent scientific developments
30:15 Discussion on healthy aging and dietary patterns
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✍️ Episode References
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature
https://www.nature.com/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 39
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Moon's Oldest Impact Crater Dated, NASA's Punch Mission Launches, and Europe's First Orbital Rocket Countdown
In this episode of SpaceTime, we reveal groundbreaking findings that pinpoint the age of the Moon's oldest and largest impact crater, the Aitken Basin. Recent analysis of lunar regolith collected by China's Chang'e 6 mission indicates that this massive structure was formed approximately 4.25 billion years ago by a colossal asteroid impact. We discuss how this discovery enhances our understanding of the Moon's geological history and its role in the solar system's evolution.
NASA's Punch Mission
We also cover the successful launch of NASA's Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH) mission, which is now in orbit and entering its commissioning phase. This innovative mission aims to make 3D observations of the Sun's corona and its transformation into solar wind, providing vital data to improve space weather predictions and protect our technology from solar storms.
Countdown for Europe's First Orbital Rocket Launch
Additionally, we discuss the countdown for mainland Europe's first orbital rocket launch, a significant milestone for the European space economy. The launch of the Spectrum rocket by ISA Aerospace from Norway's Andoya spaceport is poised to mark a new era in European space exploration, especially following recent setbacks due to geopolitical challenges and delays in existing launch systems.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 39 for broadcast on 31 March 2025
00:49 Dating the Moon's Aitken Basin
06:30 Analysis of lunar samples from Chang'e 6 mission
12:15 Overview of NASA's Punch mission and its objectives
18:00 Implications of solar wind studies for space weather prediction
22:45 Countdown for Europe's first orbital rocket launch
27:00 Summary of recent space exploration developments
30:15 Discussion on the impact of microplastics on photosynthesis
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✍️ Episode References
National Science Review
https://www.nature.com/nsr/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
ISA Aerospace
https://www.isa-aerospace.com/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 38
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Deep Insights into the Dark Universe, China's Lunar Ambitions, and NASA's New Aurora Mission
In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into the latest findings from the European Space Agency's Euclid mission, which is shedding light on the mysterious force of dark energy and how it accelerates the universe's expansion. The recently released data reveals stunning images of billions of galaxies, providing crucial insights into the nature of dark energy and its effect on cosmic history. We discuss the mission's ambitious goals and how it aims to create detailed three-dimensional maps of the universe.
China's Lunar Plans
We also explore China's exciting announcement that it plans to land its first crewed mission on the Moon by 2030. With advancements in technology and infrastructure, including the Long March 10 rocket and the Mengzhou manned spacecraft, China is set to embark on a historic lunar exploration journey, aiming to establish a permanent base in collaboration with Russia.
NASA's Aurora Study
Additionally, we cover NASA's recent launch of the Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer (EZI), designed to study the Earth's auroras from orbit. This innovative mission will map powerful electric currents in the upper atmosphere, enhancing our understanding of space weather and the interactions between solar storms and the Earth's magnetic field.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 38 for broadcast on 28 March 2025
00:49 Insights from the Euclid mission on dark energy
06:30 Analysis of the newly released data and its implications
12:15 Overview of China's lunar ambitions and mission details
18:00 NASA's EZI mission to study auroras
22:45 Discussion on the impact of solar storms on the Earth's atmosphere
27:00 Summary of recent scientific developments
30:15 Insights into health risks associated with marriage
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✍️ Episode References
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Chinese National Space Administration
http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/
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00:00 European Space Agency's Euclid mission releases new data on dark energy
05:29 The Euclid Space Telescope is building the largest cosmic atlas ever made
10:26 A new NASA mission to study Earth's aurora lights has launched into...

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 37
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Exciting New Exoplanet Discovery, Evolving Dark Energy, and Insights into the Moon's Magnetic Field
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the discovery of a potential new exoplanet, TOI 2818C, located over a thousand light years away in the constellation Papus. This intriguing planetary candidate is estimated to be 10 to 16 times the size of Earth and orbits its host star in less than 16 Earth days. We delve into the innovative transit timing variations method employed by astronomers, which revealed the presence of this companion planet alongside the hot Jupiter TOI 2818b, and discuss the implications for our understanding of planetary formation in hot Jupiter systems.
Dark Energy's Mysterious Evolution
We also explore a groundbreaking study suggesting that dark energy may be evolving over cosmic time scales. Utilizing data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), scientists are piecing together the largest three-dimensional map of the universe, revealing hints that dark energy's influence could be changing. This discovery could challenge current cosmological models and reshape our understanding of the universe's fate.
Dynamic Lunar Magnetic Field
Additionally, we examine findings from China's Chang'e 6 mission, which indicate that the Moon's magnetic field has been more dynamic and lasted longer than previously thought. The analysis of lunar samples reveals a resurgence of the magnetic field around 2.8 billion years ago, suggesting that the Moon's interior remains geologically active, challenging earlier beliefs about its magnetic history.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 37 for broadcast on 26 March 2025
00:49 Discovery of exoplanet TOI 2818C
06:30 Transit timing variations method explained
12:15 Implications for hot Jupiter planetary systems
18:00 Evolving dark energy and the DESI findings
22:45 Insights into the Moon's magnetic field dynamics
27:00 Summary of recent astronomical discoveries
30:15 Discussion on the health impacts of sugary beverages
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✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
https://www.desi.lbl.gov/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 36
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Space Tornadoes Discovered in the Milky Way's Core, SpaceX's Starship to Undertake a Mission to Mars Next Year, and Stranded Astronauts Finally Return Home After Nine Months in Space
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the astonishing discovery of enormous space tornadoes swirling in the Milky Way's central core. Astronomers have unveiled these spectacular formations, detected using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), which reveal the dynamic processes surrounding the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*. We discuss the implications of this find for our understanding of the galaxy's central molecular zone and the mechanisms driving material circulation within it.
SpaceX's Ambitious Mars Mission
We also cover SpaceX's plans for its Starship rocket, which is set to undertake its first mission to Mars next year. Elon Musk outlines the ambitious timeline for human colonization of the red planet, with unmanned missions paving the way for human exploration as early as 2029. We delve into the current status of the Starship program and its significance for future lunar and Martian endeavors.
Return of Stranded Astronauts
Additionally, we celebrate the safe return of NASA astronauts who were stranded aboard the International Space Station for nine months due to delays with Boeing's Starliner spacecraft. The crew's return aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule marks the end of a dramatic saga that began with Starliner's initial launch. We recount the challenges faced by the astronauts and the implications for future crewed missions.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 36 for broadcast on 24 March 2025
00:49 Discovery of space tornadoes in the Milky Way
06:30 Implications for the central molecular zone
12:15 Overview of SpaceX's Mars mission plans
18:00 Status of the Starship program and its future
22:45 Return of stranded astronauts from the ISS
27:00 Summary of recent space exploration developments
30:15 Discussion on the impact of sleep patterns on mental health
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✍️ Episode References
Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
SpaceX
https://www.spacex.com
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 35
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Discovery of a New Planetary System, Stable Trio of Icy Worlds in the Kuiper Belt, and the Fascinating Concept of White Holes
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the groundbreaking discovery of a nearby planetary system orbiting Barnard's Star, the second closest star system to the Sun. Located just 5.96 light years away, this system comprises four small planets, each 20 to 30% the mass of Earth, revealing new insights into the potential for life beyond our solar system. We discuss the significance of these findings and the advanced techniques used to confirm their existence, including the innovative Maroon X instrument.
Exploring the Kuiper Belt
We also explore the remarkable discovery of a stable trio of small frozen worlds in the Kuiper Belt, cataloged as the Algiera system. This intriguing find, made using data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck Observatory, could potentially be only the second three-body system identified in this remote region, challenging existing theories about how such formations occur.
Theoretical White Holes
Additionally, we dive into the fascinating hypothesis suggesting that black holes may transition into white holes, ejecting matter and energy back into the universe. This revolutionary idea, rooted in quantum mechanics, opens up new possibilities for understanding the nature of black holes and the fundamental workings of the universe.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 35 for broadcast on 21 March 2025
00:49 Discovery of a planetary system around Barnard's Star
06:30 Significance of the findings and the Maroon X instrument
12:15 Overview of the Algiera system in the Kuiper Belt
18:00 Implications for our understanding of Kuiper Belt objects
22:45 Theoretical concepts of white holes and their significance
27:00 Summary of recent astronomical discoveries
30:15 Discussion on health risks associated with slushy drinks
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✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
Planetary Science Journal
https://www.springer.com/journal/11038
Physical Review Letters
https://journals.aps.org/prl/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 34
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Supernovae's Role in Mass Extinctions, NASA's Stellar Mapping Mission, and New Moons of Saturn
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore a fascinating new study suggesting that nearby supernovae could have triggered at least two of Earth's mass extinction events. These violent stellar explosions may have stripped away the ozone layer, exposing life to harmful ultraviolet radiation and leading to significant ecological upheaval. We delve into the implications of these findings and how they reshape our understanding of Earth's history.
Nasa's SPHEREx Mission
We also discuss NASA's successful launch of the SPHEREx mission, designed to map the entire celestial sky in unprecedented detail. This mission aims to create a three-dimensional map of over 450 million galaxies, utilizing advanced spectroscopy techniques to analyze infrared light and uncover the mysteries of cosmic inflation and the ingredients necessary for life.
Saturn's Expanding Moon Family
Additionally, astronomers have made an exciting discovery of 128 new moons orbiting Saturn, bringing its total to 274. These tiny moonlets, likely remnants of larger captured moons, offer insights into the history and evolution of the Saturnian system.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 34 for broadcast on 19 March 2025
00:49 Supernovae and mass extinction events
06:30 The role of supernovae in Earth's history
12:15 Overview of NASA's SPHEREx mission
18:00 Spectroscopy and cosmic inflation studies
22:45 Discovery of new moons around Saturn
27:00 Summary of recent astronomical findings
30:15 Discussion on dietary changes in Australia by 2030
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✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
https://academic.oup.com/mnras
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Planetary Science Journal
https://www.planetarysciencejournal.com/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 33
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
World's Oldest Meteor Impact Crater, Water Ice on the Moon, and the Secretive X37B Shuttle Returns
In this episode of SpaceTime, we unveil the discovery of the world's oldest known meteor impact crater located in Western Australia. This ancient structure, dating back 3.5 billion years, was identified in the Pilbara region and challenges previous notions about Earth's geological history and the origins of life. We discuss the implications of this significant find, including its potential to reshape our understanding of crust formation and the environments conducive to early microbial life.
Water Ice on the Moon
We also delve into exciting new research suggesting that water ice may be found just centimeters below the lunar surface across a much larger area of the Moon's polar regions than previously believed. Based on observations from India's Chandrayaan 3 mission, these findings could greatly influence future lunar exploration and habitation efforts, highlighting the potential for accessible sources of water ice.
The X37B Space Shuttle's Secret Mission
Additionally, we cover the return of the United States Space Force's X37B space shuttle after a classified 434-day mission. The shuttle's successful landing at Vandenberg Space Force Base marks another milestone in its ongoing operations, which include specialized testing and reconnaissance in orbit. We explore the implications of this mission for national security and the future of space operations.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 33 for broadcast on 17 March 2025
00:49 Discovery of the world's oldest meteor impact crater
06:30 Implications for Earth's geological history
12:15 Overview of potential water ice locations on the Moon
18:00 Findings from the Chandrayaan 3 mission
22:45 Return of the X37B space shuttle
27:00 Summary of recent scientific developments
30:15 Discussion on advancements in HIV prevention
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✍️ Episode References
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/naturecommunications/
Communications Earth and Environment
https://www.nature.com/commsenv/
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 32
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Martian Minerals Indicating Ancient Life, World's Most Powerful Gamma Ray Observatory, and Ariane 6 Rocket Operations Begin
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking findings from NASA's Perseverance rover, which has discovered unusual rocks on Mars' Jezero crater rim, hinting at the possibility of ancient life. The rocks, rich in kaolinite, typically form in warm, wet environments, suggesting that Mars may have once hosted conditions suitable for life. We delve into the implications of these findings and what they reveal about the planet's watery past.
Advancements in Gamma Ray Astronomy
We also discuss the European Commission's green light for the construction of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory, projected to become the world's most powerful gamma ray observatory. This ambitious project aims to vastly expand our understanding of high-energy astronomical phenomena, potentially revealing the origins of gamma rays and their impact on galaxy formation and evolution.
Europe's New Rocket Era
Additionally, we celebrate the successful launch of Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket, marking a significant milestone in the continent's space capabilities. This mission, which deployed the French CSO 3 reconnaissance satellite, signifies a return to independent access to space for Europe, following a series of delays and challenges.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 32 for broadcast on 14 March 2025
00:49 Discovery of kaolinite rocks on Mars
06:30 Implications for ancient Martian life
12:15 Overview of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory
18:00 Advancements in gamma ray astronomy
22:45 Successful launch of the Ariane 6 rocket
27:00 Summary of significant scientific developments
30:15 Discussion on recent studies in environmental science
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Communications Earth and Environment
https://www.nature.com/commsenv/
Geology
https://www.geosociety.org/geoabstracts/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 31
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Beaches on Mars, Water's Early Emergence in the Universe, and Voyager's Power Conservation
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the groundbreaking confirmation by China's Zhurong Mars rover, which has revealed that ancient ocean beaches once graced Mars' northern hemisphere. Using advanced ground-penetrating radar, scientists have discovered sedimentary structures resembling Earth's coastal deposits, suggesting that the Red Planet once harbored a significant body of water, potentially creating habitable environments for microbial life.
Water's Early Role in the Universe
We also discuss a new study indicating that water may have formed in the universe much earlier than previously thought, just 100 to 200 million years after the Big Bang. This discovery suggests that habitable planets could have begun forming before the first galaxies, with primordial supernovae playing a crucial role in producing the necessary oxygen for water molecules.
Navigating Voyager's Future
Additionally, we cover NASA's difficult decision to turn off several scientific instruments aboard the Voyager spacecraft to conserve energy and extend their missions. With Voyager 1 and 2 now over 23 and 19 light hours away from Earth, respectively, these measures are essential to prolonging the iconic spacecraft's ability to collect unique data from interstellar space.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 31 for broadcast on 12 March 2025
00:49 Confirmation of ancient beaches on Mars
06:30 Implications for Martian habitability
12:15 Water's early emergence in the universe
18:00 Role of supernovae in water formation
22:45 Voyager spacecraft power conservation efforts
27:00 Overview of the latest scientific studies
30:15 Discussion on gender differences in romantic relationships
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org/
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 30
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Earth's Jessica Cycles, Starship's Latest Failure, and Lunar Landings in Trouble
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore a groundbreaking discovery linking Earth's ice age cycles to its orbital shifts. Recent research indicates a predictable pattern for glacial and interglacial periods, suggesting the onset of the next ice age could occur in approximately 10,000 years. This insight stems from a million-year climate record that matches changes in Earth's orbit with significant climate shifts.
Starship's Crash and Burn
We also discuss the latest mishap involving SpaceX's Starship, which experienced a dramatic failure just seconds before achieving orbit. The test flight ended in a spectacular explosion over the Caribbean, prompting multiple investigations into the incident. This marks the second consecutive failure for SpaceX's ambitious rocket program, raising concerns about its future, particularly in relation to NASA's Artemis lunar missions.
New Developments on the Moon
Additionally, we report on the recent successful landing of Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost lander on the lunar surface, marking a milestone in commercial lunar exploration. However, not all lunar missions are faring well, as Intuitive Machines' IM2 lander appears to have landed on its side, echoing past failures. Meanwhile, NASA's Lunar Trailblazer has lost communication, raising further concerns about its operational status.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 30 for broadcast on 10 March 2025
00:49 Linking Earth's ice age cycles to orbital shifts
06:30 Predicting the next ice age
12:15 Overview of SpaceX's Starship crash
18:00 Implications for NASA's Artemis program
22:45 Successful landing of Blue Ghost on the Moon
27:00 Challenges faced by IM2 and Lunar Trailblazer missions
30:15 Study on vaping and smoking cessation
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Journal of the American Medical Association
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama
Science
https://www.sciencemag.org/
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 29
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Exploring Callisto's Ocean Potential, Laser Fossil Detection on Mars, and ISS Cleanliness Concerns
In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into exciting new research suggesting that Jupiter's moon Callisto may harbor a subsurface ocean, potentially making it another ocean world in our solar system. This revelation builds on data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft, which hinted at the presence of a salty liquid water ocean beneath Callisto's icy crust. Advanced modeling techniques have strengthened these claims, setting the stage for further exploration by NASA's Europa Clipper and ESA's Juice missions.
Lasers on Mars: Searching for Ancient Life
We also discuss innovative research that proposes using lasers to identify ancient microbial fossils on Mars. Scientists have successfully detected microbial fossils in gypsum on Earth, raising hopes that similar techniques could uncover evidence of past life on the Red Planet. The findings suggest that gypsum deposits on Mars could conceal traces of ancient life, preserved in mineral formations that formed when water evaporated billions of years ago.
Health Implications of Sterility on the ISS
Additionally, we explore a new study indicating that the overly sterile environment of the International Space Station may be negatively impacting astronaut health. The research suggests that introducing a diverse range of microbes could potentially alleviate immune dysfunction and other health issues experienced by crew members during long missions in space.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 29 for broadcast on 7 March 2025
00:49 New findings on Callisto's potential subsurface ocean
06:30 Implications for future missions to Jupiter's moons
12:15 Using lasers to detect ancient life on Mars
18:00 Analysis of gypsum deposits and their significance
22:45 Concerns regarding ISS cleanliness and astronaut health
27:00 Overview of March's night sky and celestial events
30:15 Celebrating PI Day and its significance in astronomy
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
AGU Advances
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/23335784
Cell
https://www.cell.com/
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/astronomy-and-space-sciences
Become a supporter of this podcast: 

The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Earth's Climate Shaped by Orion, New Insights into Mars' Red Color, and NASA's Europa Clipper Mission Update
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore a groundbreaking study suggesting that Earth's climate may have undergone significant changes around 14 million years ago due to our solar system's journey through the Orion star-forming region. Researchers propose that this passage may have compressed the heliosphere, increasing interstellar dust influx and potentially impacting Earth's climate and geological records.
Revisiting Mars' Iconic Hue
We also discuss new findings that challenge previous assumptions about why Mars is red. Recent research indicates that the planet's rusted appearance may be linked to a wetter history, with liquid water playing a crucial role in the formation of iron oxides. This revelation reshapes our understanding of Mars' habitability and environmental conditions in its ancient past.
NASA's Europa Clipper Mission
Additionally, we provide an exciting update on NASA's Europa Clipper mission, which has successfully completed a close gravity assist flyby of Mars. This maneuver not only altered the spacecraft's trajectory towards Jupiter but also allowed mission managers to test its radar instrument and thermal imager, setting the stage for its upcoming encounters with the icy moon Europa.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 28 for broadcast on 5 March 2025
00:49 Impact of the solar system's journey through Orion on Earth's climate
06:30 Details on the Radcliffe Wave and its significance
12:15 New insights into Mars' red color and history of water
18:00 Analysis of iron oxides and implications for Martian habitability
22:45 Overview of NASA's Europa Clipper mission and its flyby of Mars
27:00 The importance of gravity assists in space missions
30:15 Health implications of screen time on children's vision
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms
Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 27
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid 2024 YR4 Impact Risk Reduced, Insights into Mars' Core, and NASA's Lunar Mission Update
In this episode of SpaceTime, we bring you encouraging news about asteroid 2024 YR4, with new observations indicating that the chances of it impacting Earth have plummeted to just 0.001%. Initially flagged as a potential threat, this asteroid has been closely monitored, and the latest data from the Very Large Telescope has allowed astronomers to refine its orbit and rule out any collision risk for 2032.
Exploring the Martian Core
We also delve into a fascinating new study regarding the composition of Mars' core. Research suggests that while it may contain a liquid outer core, there could also be a solid inner core composed of iron and sulfur. This breakthrough could reshape our understanding of the Red Planet's geophysical properties and the role of lighter elements in its core.
NASA's Latest Lunar Mission
Additionally, we provide an update on NASA's latest lunar mission, which has successfully launched and is heading towards the Moon's south pole. The mission features the Intuitive Machines IM2 spacecraft, equipped with the Athena lunar lander and the Lunar Trailblazer orbiter, both designed to conduct groundbreaking research and resource utilization studies on the lunar surface.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 27 for broadcast on 3 March 2025
00:49 Update on asteroid 2024 YR4 impact probability
06:30 Importance of new observations from the Very Large Telescope
12:15 Insights into the Martian core composition
18:00 Research on solid inner core possibilities
22:45 Overview of NASA's lunar IM2 mission
27:00 Archaeological discovery of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh's tomb
30:15 Discussion on the cultural significance of the Skinwalker Ranch series
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms
Journal of Geophysical Research
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699356
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-astronomy-science-news--2458531/support.
00:00 New observations have all but completely ruled out asteroid 2024 yr, uh 4 hitting Earth
00:49 New observations all but rule out asteroid 2020 yr 4 hitting Earth in 2032
04:23 New research...

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 26
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid Ryugu's Salty Secrets, Solar Orbiter's Venus Encounter, and NASA's Lunar Resource Exploration
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the recent findings from the asteroid Richie, where scientists have discovered evidence of salt minerals, hinting at the presence of saline water in the outer solar system. This exciting revelation parallels previous discoveries from asteroid Bennu and enhances our understanding of the chemical history of these celestial bodies.
Europe's Solar Orbiter and Venus
We also explore the European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter spacecraft as it prepares for a close flyby of Venus. This maneuver will allow the spacecraft to adjust its orbit significantly, enabling unprecedented observations of the Sun's polar regions, which have remained elusive from Earth. The encounter will provide critical data to improve our understanding of solar activity and its impact on space weather.
NASA's Polar Ice Experiment
Additionally, we discuss NASA's Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment (PRIME 1), which aims to analyze the Moon's subsurface for potential resources. This mission is pivotal for future manned lunar explorations under the Artemis program, as it seeks to identify local resources that can support sustained human presence on the Moon.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 26 for broadcast on 28 February 2025
00:49 Evidence of salt minerals in Richie samples
06:30 Implications for understanding outer solar system water
12:15 Solar Orbiter's close encounter with Venus
18:00 The significance of observing the Sun's polar regions
22:45 NASA's PRIME 1 mission and lunar resource exploration
27:00 Overview of recent findings on night owls and diabetes
30:15 The impact of glacier melting and climate change
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/
Journal of Diabetes
https://www.diabetesjournals.org/

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 25
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Two Arrows of Time, Ancient Rocks on Mars, and NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Mission
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into a groundbreaking discovery by physicists revealing the possibility of two distinct arrows of time emerging from the quantum realm. This fascinating research challenges our conventional understanding of time, suggesting that it may not flow in just one direction, but could theoretically move both forwards and backwards under certain quantum conditions.
NASA's Perseverance Rover Finds Ancient Martian Rocks
We also highlight the latest findings from NASA's Perseverance rover, which has uncovered new types of rocks that may be the oldest material ever found on Mars. As the rover continues its Crater Rim campaign, it is providing critical insights into the geological history of the Red Planet and the potential for ancient habitable environments.
Countdown to NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Mission
Additionally, we preview the upcoming launch of NASA's Lunar Trailblazer mission, designed to search for water ice on the Moon. The mission aims to map the distribution and form of lunar water, contributing vital information for future manned and robotic missions to the Moon.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 25 for broadcast on 26 February 2025
00:49 Discovery of two arrows of time in quantum physics
06:30 Implications for our understanding of time
12:15 Perseverance rover's exploration of ancient Martian rocks
18:00 The significance of the Crater Rim campaign
22:45 Overview of NASA's Lunar Trailblazer mission
27:00 The importance of mapping lunar water resources
30:15 Health concerns linked to aspartame consumption
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/srep
Cell Metabolism
https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 24
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid Impact Odds, Lunar Grand Canyons, and NASA's Stranded Astronauts
In this episode of SpaceTime, we discuss the alarming increase in the odds of asteroid 2024 YR4 impacting Earth, now estimated at 3.1% for December 22, 2032. This asteroid, measuring between 40 to 90 meters, poses a significant threat, and we delve into the implications of planetary defense strategies that could be employed to mitigate this risk.
The Origins of the Moon's Grand Canyons
We also explore new research that suggests the Moon's massive canyons, Vallis Schrodinger and Valles Plank, were carved out by asteroid impacts in a mere 10 minutes. This groundbreaking study provides insights into the Moon's geological history and will have important implications for future lunar missions, particularly the upcoming Artemis program.
NASA's Stranded Astronauts
Additionally, we cover the latest developments regarding NASA astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wiltmore, who have been stranded aboard the International Space Station since June 2024. With the potential for an earlier return home due to a change in SpaceX's Crew 10 mission schedule, we discuss the challenges they faced during their extended stay in orbit.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 24 for broadcast on 24 February 2025
00:49 Increased odds of asteroid 2024 YR4 impact
06:30 Implications for planetary defense strategies
12:15 The formation of lunar canyons from asteroid impacts
18:00 Insights from the Schrodinger impact basin study
22:45 NASA astronauts' potential early return to Earth
27:00 Overview of La Nina's arrival in the eastern Pacific
30:15 The implications of losing the sense of taste
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
NOAA
https://www.noaa.gov
Journal of the American Medical Association
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/journals/jvp
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 23
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Snowball Earth Evidence, Blue Origin's Parachute Failure, and the Moon Illusion Explained
In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking geological research that provides compelling evidence for the Snowball Earth hypothesis, suggesting that glaciers may have covered the planet from pole to pole hundreds of millions of years ago. This research reveals insights into Earth's climatic history and the emergence of multicellular life following this extreme glaciation event.
Blue Origin's Lunar Gravity Mission
We also discuss the recent Blue Origin mission, where the New Shepard spacecraft experienced a parachute failure during a lunar gravity simulation flight. Despite the malfunction, mission managers confirm that the capsule was designed to land safely with two parachutes, and investigations are underway to understand the issue.
The Moon Illusion: Why Does It Appear Larger on the Horizon?
Additionally, we explore the fascinating phenomenon known as the Moon illusion, which causes the Moon to appear larger when it is near the horizon compared to when it is high in the sky. We delve into the psychological and perceptual factors that contribute to this optical illusion, despite the Moon's actual size remaining constant.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 23 for broadcast on 21 February 2025
00:49 Evidence supporting the Snowball Earth hypothesis
06:30 Implications for Earth's climatic history
12:15 Blue Origin's lunar gravity mission details
18:00 Analysis of parachute failure during descent
22:45 The Moon illusion and its psychological explanations
27:00 Understanding optical illusions in astronomy
30:15 The self-domestication of wolves and its implications
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org
New England Journal of Medicine
https://www.nejm.org
Royal Society B
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspb
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 22
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
New Van Allen Radiation Belts, Alien Oceans and Signs of Life, and the Largest Black Hole Radio Jet Ever Detected
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the discovery of two new temporary Van Allen radiation belts created by a massive solar storm that struck Earth in May 2024. This event not only produced stunning auroras but also highlighted the importance of understanding the dynamics of radiation belts for the safety of satellites and astronauts. The findings, reported by NASA's Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment, reveal that these belts can last significantly longer than previously thought, with implications for future solar storms and spaceflight safety.
Searching for Life in Alien Oceans
We also explore the challenges of detecting signs of extraterrestrial life in the subsurface oceans of icy moons like Saturn's Enceladus. A new study suggests that the unique physics of these oceans could hinder the movement of biological signatures from deep waters to the surface, complicating the search for life beyond Earth. This research emphasizes the need to understand ocean dynamics in the search for life in our solar system.
The Largest Black Hole Radio Jet in the Early Universe
Additionally, astronomers have identified the largest radio jet ever seen in the early universe, spanning an astonishing 200,000 light years. This discovery sheds light on the formation of massive jets and quasars, providing crucial insights into the evolution of galaxies in the early cosmos. The quasar, which formed when the universe was just 9% of its current age, challenges previous assumptions about the conditions needed for such powerful jets to form.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 22 for broadcast on 19 February 2025
00:49 Discovery of new Van Allen radiation belts
06:30 Implications of the May solar storm
12:15 Challenges in detecting life in Enceladus's oceans
18:00 The significance of ocean dynamics in extraterrestrial life searches
22:45 The largest black hole radio jet ever observed
27:00 Understanding quasars and their impact on galaxy evolution
30:15 The implications of AI self-replication
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Geophysical Research Space Physics
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19448007
Communications and Earth Environment
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 21
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Shifting Dynamics of Earth's Inner Core, China's Lunar South Pole Mission, and Insights into Hot Jupiter Exoplanets
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking research revealing that Earth's inner core may be less solid than previously believed. A new study indicates that the near surface of the inner core is undergoing structural transformations, influenced by interactions with the turbulent outer core. This discovery provides fresh insights into the dynamics of Earth's core and its impact on the planet's magnetic field and rotation.
China's Chang'e 7 Mission: A Quest for Lunar Water Ice
We also discuss China's upcoming Chang'e 7 mission, set to launch next year, which aims to search for water ice at the lunar south pole. This mission will employ advanced technologies to locate and analyze water ice deposits, crucial for supporting future manned missions to the Moon and beyond. The Chang'e 7 mission will include an orbiter, lander, rover, and a mobile hopper designed for traversing shadowed craters.
Hot Jupiter Progenitor: New Discoveries in Exoplanet Research
Additionally, we delve into the fascinating discovery of a hot Jupiter exoplanet with an eccentric orbit, shedding light on the formation processes of these gas giants. The research indicates that this planet has likely been influenced by a binary star system, providing new evidence for the mechanisms behind hot Jupiter migration and evolution.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 21 for broadcast on 17 February 2025
00:49 New findings on Earth's inner core
06:30 Overview of China's Chang'e 7 mission
12:15 Insights from the discovery of a hot Jupiter exoplanet
18:00 Implications for planetary formation theories
22:45 The significance of lunar water ice for future missions
27:00 Understanding the dynamics of celestial bodies
30:15 The impact of climate change on global temperatures
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Geoscience
https://www.nature.com/ngeo/
Journal of Nature Climate Change
https://www.nature.com/nclimate/
Macquarie University
https://www.mq.edu.au

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 20
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
New Discoveries on Earth's Elements, Uranus's Moon Ariel, and the Fate of Comet Atlas
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into a groundbreaking study that challenges long-held beliefs about the origins of Earth's missing moderately volatile elements, such as copper and zinc. This research suggests that rather than being lost during the early formation of the solar system, these essential elements were likely retained by the first planetesimals and lost later due to violent cosmic collisions during planetary growth, reshaping our understanding of planetary chemistry and habitability.
Uranus's Moon Ariel: A Window to Its Interior
We also explore the fascinating trench-like features on Uranus's moon Ariel, which may serve as conduits for internal materials. New research indicates that these medial grooves could provide insights into Ariel's geological history and potential subsurface oceans, highlighting the complex interplay of tectonic and volcanic activities on the moon's surface.
Comet Atlas: A Dying Wonder
Additionally, we discuss the fate of Comet G3 Atlas, which has recently passed perilously close to the Sun, resulting in the fragmentation of its nucleus. As it fades from view, Atlas becomes a headless wonder, leaving behind a trail of debris that will continue to orbit the Sun. This episode also features a look at the stunning night skies of February, including the iconic constellations and celestial events to observe.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 20 for broadcast on 14 February 2025
00:49 New insights into Earth's missing elements
06:30 Trench-like features on Uranus's moon Ariel
12:15 The demise of Comet G3 Atlas
18:00 February night sky highlights
22:45 The constellation Orion and its myths
27:00 Exploring the Pleiades and other celestial wonders
30:15 The significance of the Milky Way in stargazing
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
Planetary Science Journal
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/planetary-science-journal
Sky and Telescope
https://skyandtelescope.org

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 19
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
New Insights into Earth's Water, Asteroid Bennu's Composition, and Marsquake Triggers
In this episode of SpaceTime, we investigate a groundbreaking study that challenges previous beliefs about when water arrived on Earth. New findings suggest that water may have come in during the later stages of Earth’s formation, providing fresh perspectives on the origins of life on our planet. The study highlights the importance of molybdenum isotopes in understanding the timing of water delivery and the conditions necessary for life.
Searles Lake and Asteroid Bennu
We also explore the intriguing similarities between Searles Lake in California and the asteroid Bennu, as researchers find that both environments share common water-soluble minerals. The Osiris Rex mission has revealed that Bennu's samples contain evaporite minerals formed under wet conditions, shedding light on the potential for life-sustaining elements in our solar system's past.
Meteoroid Impacts and Marsquakes
Additionally, a new study indicates that meteoroid impacts may play a more significant role in triggering marsquakes than previously considered. Analyses from NASA's Mars InSight lander reveal that many seismic events on Mars could be linked to impacts, challenging existing assumptions about the planet's seismic activity.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 19 for broadcast on 12 February 2025
00:49 Water arrival on Earth
06:30 Searles Lake and asteroid Bennu
12:15 Meteoroid impacts and Marsquakes
18:00 Changes in men's height and weight
22:45 Discovery of ancient bird fossils in Antarctica
27:00 The best way to boil an egg
30:15 AI and national security concerns
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry
https://www.elsevier.com/journals/geochemistry-and-cosmochemistry
Nature
https://www.nature.com
Geophysical Research Letters
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19448007
Biology Letters
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/bl
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 18
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid Threat Level Rusty, Dark Matter Experiment, and Martian Lava Rocks
In this episode of SpaceTime, we discuss the alarming increase in the threat level of near-Earth asteroid 2024 YR4, now assessed at a 2.3% chance of impacting Earth on December 22, 2032. With astronomers worldwide closely monitoring its trajectory, we explore the potential consequences of an impact from this asteroid, including the possibility of a catastrophic airburst or a significant surface collision.
New Dark Matter Experiment in Space
We also delve into an ambitious new experiment aimed at uncovering the mysteries of dark matter. Researchers are testing a device that could potentially detect dark matter by measuring tiny signals in a zero-gravity environment. This groundbreaking approach seeks to provide insights into the elusive substance that constitutes approximately 85% of the universe's mass.
Insights from Martian Lava Rocks
Additionally, we examine findings from NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover, which are shedding light on a critical period in Martian history. The analysis of igneous rocks in Jezero Crater suggests that the Martian crust was formed through widespread volcanism, offering a glimpse into the planet's geological evolution and its implications for understanding the early solar system.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 18 for broadcast on 10 February 2025
00:49 Increased threat from asteroid 2024 YR4
06:30 New dark matter detection experiment in space
12:15 Martian lava rocks and the history of the Red Planet
18:00 Microplastics accumulation in the human brain
22:45 WHO review on radio wave exposure and cancer
27:00 Genetically modified rice with reduced methane emissions
30:15 Jane Goodall's belief in Sasquatch and its implications
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Journal of Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
Nature Medicine
https://www.nature.com/nm/
Molecular Plant
https://www.cell.com/molecular-plant/home
Australian Skeptics
https://www.skeptics.com.au

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 17
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Volcanic Activity on Io, Ceres and the Building Blocks of Life, and New Exoplanet Search Technology
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the astonishing discovery of the largest volcanic hotspot ever observed on Jupiter's moon, Io. NASA's Juno mission reveals a feature that dwarfs Earth's Lake Superior and produces eruptions with six times the energy output of all the world's power plants. This unprecedented volcanic activity is driven by intense gravitational interactions with Jupiter, resulting in a dynamic landscape riddled with approximately 400 volcanoes.
The Mystery of Ceres' Organic Compounds
We also delve into new findings regarding the dwarf planet Ceres, where scientists have determined that organic deposits on its surface likely did not originate from its interior. Instead, these building blocks of life may have arrived through impacts from meteoroids, raising questions about the origins of life-sustaining compounds in our solar system.
Advancements in Exoplanet Detection Technology
Additionally, we discuss the latest advancements in technology designed to search for Earth-like exoplanets. The newly developed coronagraph for NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will significantly enhance our ability to directly image distant planets by blocking out starlight, paving the way for future missions aimed at identifying habitable worlds beyond our solar system.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 17 for broadcast on 7 February 2025
00:49 Discovery of a massive volcanic hotspot on Io
06:30 Insights into organic compounds on Ceres
12:15 New technology for exoplanet detection
18:00 Omega-3 fatty acids and biological aging
22:45 Infants' sense of smell development
27:00 Tasmania's tallest trees documented
30:15 Flat Earth theory and recent Antarctic explorations
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature
https://www.nature.com
Journal of Geophysical Research
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699356
Journal of Astrobiology
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/astrobiology
Australian Journal of Biology

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 16
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
New Discoveries on the Moon, Venus Exploration, and Titan's Atmosphere
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into a groundbreaking study revealing that the Moon may not be as geologically inactive as previously believed. Observations of small ridges on the lunar far side suggest recent tectonic activity, indicating that the Moon's geological history is more dynamic than once thought. Researchers found that these features, formed within the last 200 million years, could have significant implications for future lunar missions.
NASA's Davinci Mission to Venus
We also discuss NASA's upcoming Davinci mission, set to explore the mysteries of Venus. This innovative mission will deploy a descent probe into the planet's thick atmosphere, capturing high-resolution images and analyzing its unique geological features, including the ancient Tesserae that may provide insights into Venus's past.
Understanding Titan's Atmosphere
Additionally, we explore new research on Saturn's moon Titan, which maintains its dense nitrogen-rich atmosphere through chemical reactions occurring deep beneath its surface. The findings suggest that Titan's atmosphere, which features liquid methane rain and a complex organic chemistry, is replenished by internal processes that have puzzled scientists since its discovery.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 16 for broadcast on 5 February 2025
00:49 New findings on the geological activity of the Moon
06:30 Overview of NASA's Davinci mission to Venus
12:15 How Titan maintains its atmosphere
18:00 Increase in temperature-related deaths in Europe
22:45 Discovery of magma chambers in dormant volcanoes
27:00 Creation of bipaternal mice using stem cell engineering
30:15 Overview of Deepseek AI chatbot
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Planetary Science Journal
https://www.elsevier.com/journals/planetary-science-journal
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15252027
Nature Medicine
https://www.nature.com/nm/
Nature Geoscience
https://www.nature.com/ngeo/
Cell Stem Cell
https://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/home
TechAdvice Life
https://www.techadvice.life/

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 15
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Building Blocks of Life on Asteroid Bennu, New Asteroid Threat, and Lunar Dome Mission
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking discoveries from the asteroid Bennu, where scientists have detected the molecular building blocks of life in samples returned by NASA's Osiris Rex spacecraft. These findings indicate a rich history of salt water on Bennu, suggesting that the essential conditions for life may have been widespread throughout the early solar system. The analysis reveals 14 amino acids and five nucleobases, hinting at the potential for life beyond Earth.
A New Asteroid Threat to Earth
We also discuss the newly identified asteroid 2024 YR4, which poses a significant risk with a 1 in 83 chance of impact on December 22, 2032. This near-Earth object, measuring between 40 and 100 meters wide, has astronomers concerned due to its potential for causing a powerful airburst explosion or even a surface impact.
Investigating Mysterious Lunar Domes
Additionally, NASA is gearing up for a mission to explore the enigmatic Gruthusen domes on the Moon, as part of the Lunar Vice mission by Firefly Aerospace. This mission aims to unravel the origins of these dome-like structures and assess the Moon's volcanic history, providing insights into its evolution and potential resources for future exploration.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 15 for broadcast on 3 February 2025
00:49 Discovery of building blocks of life in Bennu samples
06:15 New asteroid threat 2024 YR4
12:30 NASA's Lunar Vice mission to study lunar domes
18:00 CIA assessment on COVID-19 origins
22:45 Elderberry juice and metabolic health
27:00 Feathered dinosaur tail preserved in amber
30:15 Link between UFO sightings and economic conditions
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature
https://www.nature.com
Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/
Current Biology
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home
Journal of Nutrients
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
Australian Skeptics
https://www.skeptics.com.au

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 14
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid from the Moon, Lunar Landers, and Trump’s Mars Ambitions
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the intriguing discovery of a small asteroid, designated 2024 PT5, which is believed to be a fragment of the Moon ejected into space by a historic impact. This 10-meter wide near-Earth object offers new insights into both asteroid and lunar science, as researchers confirm its composition aligns closely with lunar rock samples.
Two Lunar Landers Launch for the Moon
SpaceX successfully launched two lunar landers, Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost and ispace's Resilience, as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services program. These missions aim to deliver critical hardware to the Moon in preparation for a sustainable human presence under the Artemis program. Blue Ghost will conduct a variety of scientific experiments, including lunar subsurface drilling and thermal measurements, while Resilience will deploy a forward robotic micro rover to explore the lunar surface.
Trump's Vision for Mars
In a bold statement during his inauguration, US President Donald Trump pledged to plant the Stars and Stripes on Mars, reaffirming America’s commitment to space exploration. This ambitious goal aligns with SpaceX's plans to colonize the Red Planet, as both the US and China ramp up efforts for lunar and Martian exploration.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 14 for broadcast on 31 January 2025
00:49 Discovery of asteroid 2024 PT5 as a lunar fragment
06:30 Launch of Blue Ghost and Resilience lunar landers
12:15 President Trump's pledge to plant the flag on Mars
18:00 Risks associated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists
22:45 New methods for zero carbon dioxide ammonia production
27:00 Discovery of the world’s oldest three-dimensional map
30:15 Concerns over unverified academic titles
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
SpaceX
https://www.spacex.com
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
Nature Medicine
https://www.nature.com/nm/
Oxford Journal of Archaeology
https://academic.oup.com/ojl
Australian Skeptics
https://www.skeptics.com.au

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