SpaceTime with Stuart Gary

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 13
Mysteries of Water on Mars and the Origins of Earth's Moon
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking discoveries about the history of water on Mars. New research reveals thousands of mounds on the Martian northern plains, rich in clay minerals, indicating that this area was once submerged under a vast ocean. These findings, reported in Nature Geoscience, suggest that the mounds preserve a complete geological history of water on Mars, making them prime targets for future exploration missions searching for signs of past life.
Could the Moon be a Piece of Earth?
We also delve into a fascinating study proposing that the Moon could have formed from material ejected from the Earth's mantle rather than from the impact of a Mars-sized body, as previously thought. This new hypothesis, based on isotopic similarities between Earth and Moon samples, offers fresh insights into the origins of our lunar companion and the potential pathways for water to have reached Earth.
Establishing a Permanent Presence on the Moon
Additionally, we discuss the challenges and innovations required to establish a permanent human presence on the Moon as part of NASA's Artemis program. From 3D printing to robotics and artificial intelligence, experts outline the critical technologies needed to build infrastructure on the lunar surface and the hurdles that must be overcome to make this ambitious goal a reality.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 13 for broadcast on 29 January 2025
00:49 New evidence of ancient water on Mars
06:15 Could the Moon be a chunk of Earth?
12:30 Challenges of establishing a permanent lunar base
18:00 ADHD diagnosis linked to shorter lifespans
22:45 Catastrophic coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef
27:00 Blue rings in trees linked to volcanic eruptions
30:15 Samsung's new AI smartphones
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Nature Geoscience
https://www.nature.com/ngeo/
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org/
University of Sydney
https://www.sydney.edu.au
British Journal of Psychiatry
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry
Frontiers in Plant Science
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science
TechAdvice
https://www.techadvice.life/

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 12
Unveiling the Mysteries of Fast Radio Bursts and Mars' Geology
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the enigmatic origins of fast radio bursts (FRBs), those mysterious cosmic phenomena that release immense energy in mere nanoseconds. Recent findings challenge existing theories about their sources, suggesting that some FRBs may originate from regions in ancient, dead galaxies, raising profound questions about the nature of these bursts and their potential as cosmic probes.
Is Mars Still Geologically Active?
A new study based on data from NASA's InSight lander indicates that Mars may still be geologically active. By analyzing marsquakes, researchers have uncovered evidence suggesting that the southern hemisphere of the Red Planet has a thicker crust and higher elevation than the northern hemisphere, providing insights into its geological history and evolution over billions of years.
Celestial Treat for Southern Hemisphere Sky Watchers
Sky watchers in the Southern Hemisphere are in for a treat as Comet C/2024 G3 Atlas dazzles with its stunning display following a close encounter with the Sun. The comet's vibrant tails and the alignment of six planets provide a spectacular opportunity for stargazers to explore the night sky.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 12 for broadcast on 27 January 2025
00:49 Mysterious origins of fast radio bursts
06:30 Evidence of geological activity on Mars
12:15 Comet C/2024 G3 Atlas and planetary alignment
18:00 New anti-clotting drugs for atrial fibrillation patients
22:45 Rare corpse flower blooms in Sydney
27:00 FDA bans controversial red dye number three
30:15 Declining trust in mainstream media
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Australian National University
https://www.anu.edu.au
Geophysical Research Letters
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19447920
Royal Botanical Gardens Sydney
https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au
New England Journal of Medicine
https://www.nejm.org
Gallup Poll
https://news.gallup.com

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 11
Ancient Water on Mars and the Birth of the Universe's Lights
Scientists have uncovered two sets of ancient wave ripples on Mars, revealing evidence of long-dried ponds and lakes that once existed on the Red Planet. Discovered by NASA's Curiosity rover, these ripples, formed approximately 3.7 billion years ago, indicate that shallow bodies of water were open to the Martian atmosphere, challenging previous climate models suggesting an ice-covered surface. This finding extends our understanding of the timeline for liquid water on Mars and its potential for microbial life.
A Quasar's Role in Cosmic Illumination
Astronomers have detected a highly variable quasar that may have played a crucial role in turning on the lights of the universe. This quasar, observed by the NuSTAR and Chandra X-ray space telescopes, is one of the most distant objects detected and provides new insights into the growth of supermassive black holes in the early universe. Its rapid brightness fluctuations offer vital clues about the epoch of reionization, a time when the universe transitioned from darkness to light.
European Space Agency's Probe 3 Mission Milestone
The European Space Agency's Probe 3 spacecraft has successfully split into two, marking a significant step in its ambitious mission. This unique formation-flying mission aims to create artificial solar eclipses to study the Sun's corona with unprecedented precision. The two spacecraft will maintain a separation of just 150 meters, demonstrating advanced navigation and propulsion technologies essential for future space exploration.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 11 for broadcast on 24 January 2025
00:49 Discovery of ancient wave ripples on Mars
06:15 Quasar may illuminate the early universe
12:30 European Space Agency's Probe 3 spacecraft successfully splits
18:00 Blood vessel fingerprint in the eye may indicate stroke risk
22:45 Early humans adapted to desert-like conditions
26:00 Global water cycle disruptions due to climate extremes
30:00 Reevaluation of the Paleo diet based on ancient human diets
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov
Caltech
https://www.caltech.edu
Yale University
https://www.yale.edu
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int
Indian Space Research Organisation
https://www.isro.gov.in
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/
637X
7--- UK Biobank
https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk
Australian Skeptics
https://www.skeptics.com.au
National Science Foundation
https://www.nsf.gov


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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 10
Gaia's Sky Scanning Completion and Mid Infrared Flare from Sagittarius A*
The European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft has completed its sky scanning phase, marking a monumental achievement in astronomical missions. Over the past decade, Gaia has transformed our understanding of the Milky Way by mapping the positions and characteristics of billions of stars. This mission has provided unprecedented insights into the origins and evolution of our galaxy, revealing its structure and history like never before.
Mid Infrared Flare from the Milky Way's Supermassive Black Hole
Astronomers have detected a mid infrared flare from Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. This discovery, made using NASA's Webb Space Telescope, fills a crucial gap in our understanding of black hole flares and supports existing models of magnetic reconnection in the accretion disk surrounding the black hole.
Discovery of a New Type of Exoplanet
NASA's Webb Space Telescope has unveiled a new type of exoplanet, unlike anything in our solar system. The planet, GJ1214B, exhibits a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere similar to Venus, challenging previous assumptions about exoplanet atmospheres and providing new insights into planetary formation.
00:00 This is space time series 28 episode 10 for broadcast of 22 January 2025
00:49 European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft has completed its 10th science mission
05:22 First ever detection of mid infrared flare from Milky Way's supermassive black hole
11:15 NASA's Webb Space Telescope has discovered a new type of planet
14:11 New study suggests eating carrots can improve the treatment of type 2 diabetes
17:41 Tesla is launching satellite connectivity for regular mobile phones in Australia
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✍️ Episode References
European Space Agency (ESA)
[https://www.esa.int/](https://www.esa.int/)
Gaia Mission
[https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Gaia](https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Gaia)
arXiv.org
[https://arxiv.org/](https://arxiv.org/)
NASA's Webb Space Telescope
[https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/](https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/)
Event Horizon Telescope
[https://eventhorizontelescope.org/](https://eventhorizontelescope.org/)
Harvard Center for Astrophysics
[https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/](https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/)
Astrophysical Journal Letters
[https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/
8205](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205)
8--- Nature Communications
[https://www.nature.com/ncomms/](https://www.nature.com/ncomms/)
Clinical and Translational Science
[https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17528062](https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17528062)
TechAdvice
[https://www.techadvice.life/](https://www.techadvice.life/)

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 09
Starship's Fiery End and Blue Origin's New Glenn Debut
SpaceX's Starship experienced a dramatic explosion during its seventh test flight, marking both success and setback. While the super heavy booster was successfully caught by the launch tower's chopstick arms, the Starship upper stage exploded during ascent. Despite the fiery end, the mission demonstrated significant advancements in booster recovery technology.
Blue Origin's New Glenn Maiden Flight
Blue Origin's New Glenn mega rocket has completed its first flight, successfully reaching orbit. However, the mission wasn't flawless, as the first stage booster failed to land on a pre-positioned barge in the Atlantic Ocean. The mission's payload, a prototype for the Blue Ring orbital vehicle, was successfully deployed, marking a significant milestone for Blue Origin.
Mysterious Stellar Pulsations Explained
Astronomers have pinpointed the source of mysterious long-period radio transients, linking them to a binary star system comprising a white dwarf and a red dwarf. This discovery, made using data from the Murchison Wide Field Array and the Meerkat telescope, offers new insights into these enigmatic astrophysical events.
00:00 Space Time Starship destroyed in spectacular explosion during its seventh test flight
00:48 Super heavy booster successfully caught by launch tower's chopsticks during textbook landing
07:09 Debris spotted streaking over Caribbean Sea after SpaceX Falcon 7 launch
11:05 Blue Origin's new Glenn has successfully undertaken its maiden flight
16:55 Astronomers have discovered the source of mysterious extreme astrophysical event
20:50 Long period radio transients are mysterious new class of repeating radio source in space
29:08 Long period radio transients may be caused by binary M dwarf white dwarf systems
32:12 New study warns shallow groundwater is projected to warm by 3.5 degrees Celsius by 2099
34:29 All the hype about mysterious drones over New Jersey disappeared after LA wildfires
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 08
Origins of Fast Radio Bursts Unveiled
Astronomers have pinpointed the source of fast radio bursts, specifically linking them to magnetars, a type of highly magnetic neutron star. This breakthrough, reported in Nature, was achieved by analysing the scintillation of FRB2022 1022A, indicating its proximity to a magnetar within 10,000 kilometres. This discovery sheds light on the mysterious phenomenon, suggesting that all fast radio bursts might originate from similarly extreme environments.
Lunar Water's Terrestrial Origins
A groundbreaking study reveals that much of the Moon's water may have originated from early Earth. By examining Apollo-era lunar samples with a high precision triple oxygen isotope technique, scientists discovered a dual heritage of lunar water, tracing back to both proto-Earth and cometary impacts. This finding offers new insights into the Earth-Moon system's formation 4.5 billion years ago.
Juno's Insights into IO's Volcanism
NASA's Juno mission has uncovered that Jupiter's moon IO's volcanoes are powered by individual magma chambers rather than a global magma ocean. This revelation, stemming from Juno's close flybys and gravitational measurements, highlights the unique geological dynamics of the solar system's most volcanically active body. The findings provide a deeper understanding of tidal flexing and its effects on celestial bodies.
00:00 Astronomers have finally narrowed down the source of those mysterious fast radio bursts
08:01 New study shows much of moon's water originates on early proto Earth
10:32 Scientists with NASA's Juno mission to Jupiter have discovered volcanoes on IO
16:33 There now seems to be more carbon stored in human made stuff than natural world
18:41 Study shows each of the Disney princesses could have exposed themselves to illnesses
19:40 Alaska Triangle has highest recorded numbers of paranormal incidents in the world
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 07
Dark Matter's Role in Milky Way's Stellar Streams
New research suggests that dark matter may have influenced the formation of the GD-1 stellar stream in the Milky Way. A study in the Astrophysical Journal Letters proposes that a core-collapsing, self-interacting dark matter subhalo could explain the unusual spur and gap features observed in the stream. This finding could deepen our understanding of dark matter's properties and its influence on the universe.
Sun's Triple Solar Flare Eruption
The Sun has unleashed three significant X-class solar flares in a single day, with the first and third being X1.1 flares and the second an X1.5. These powerful eruptions, detected by NOAA's Solar Ultraviolet Imager, are part of the Sun's approach to solar maximum, the peak of its 11-year solar cycle. Solar flares can disrupt Earth's communications, power grids, and pose health risks to astronauts.
Quadrantids Meteor Shower Spectacle
The Earth is experiencing the Quadrantids meteor shower, offering a dazzling display of shooting stars. Originating from the near-Earth asteroid 2003 EH1, the Quadrantids are best viewed from dark locations, with peak sightings expected in the Pacific region. Sky watchers can anticipate around 50 meteors per hour, with potential fireballs enhancing the spectacle.
00:00 This is space time series 28 episode 7 for broadcast on 15 January 2025
00:46 New research proposes a self interacting dark matter subhalo could explain GD1 features
04:24 The sun unleashed three significant X class solar flares on the same day
07:19 Earth is experiencing one of its most spectacular meteor showers, the Quadrantids
14:31 A quarter of the world's freshwater animals are at risk of extinction
16:43 Facebook boss Mark Zuckerberg admits that his fact checkers are dishonest
20:28 CES has wrapped up in Las Vegas with lots of interesting gadgets
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✍️ Episode References
University of California, Riverside
[ucr.edu](https://www.ucr.edu/)
Astrophysical Journal Letters
[iopscience.iop.org/journal/
8205](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205)
3--- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
[noaa.gov](https://www.noaa.gov/)
Royal Astronomical Society
[ras.ac.uk](https://www.ras.ac.uk/)
Journal of Nature
[nature.com](https://www.nature.com/)
Journal of the American Medical Association
[jamanetwork.com](https://jamanetwork.com/)
Facebook
[facebook.com](https://www.facebook.com/)
Babylon Bee
[babylonbee.com](https://babylonbee.com/)
Tech Advice Stuart Life
[techadvice.com](https://www.techadvice.com/)
Space Time with Stuart Gary
[spacetimewithstuartgary.com](https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com/)


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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 06
Formation of Pluto-Charon Binary System
A new study reveals that the formation of the Pluto-Charon dwarf planet binary system may mirror that of the Earth-Moon system. The research, published in Nature Geoscience, suggests that both systems feature a secondary body significantly large in comparison to the primary, unlike other moons in our solar system. The findings could explain Pluto's active geology and potential subsurface ocean, highlighting the significance of giant impacts in shaping planetary bodies.
BepiColombo's Final Mercury Flyby
The BepiColombo spacecraft has completed its final close flyby of Mercury, passing just 295 kilometres above the planet's surface. This manoeuvre marks the last gravity assist required for the joint ESA and JAXA mission before it enters Mercury's orbit in late 2026. The mission aims to study Mercury's magnetic field, surface composition, and interaction with the solar wind, enhancing our understanding of planets close to their host stars.
Astronomy Highlights for 2025
2025 promises exciting astronomical events, with the Sun's solar cycle nearing its peak. Highlights include a rare edge-on view of Saturn's rings, potential brightening of comet G3 Atlas, and two lunar eclipses. The year also features significant planetary alignments, meteor showers, and opportunities to observe the Southern Cross and the centre of the Milky Way. Dr. Nick Glom provides insights into these celestial events and more.
00:00 This is space Time Series 28, Episode 6 for broadcast on 13 January 2025
00:27 A new study suggests the formation of the Pluto Charon dwarf planet binary system
04:35 BepiColombo spacecraft makes its final flyby of Mercury
09:27 This is space time. We take a look at the year ahead in astronomy
10:47 Mid January will be a very interesting time to look at the night sky
13:05 There are two big highlights in March with the eclipse of the moon and Saturn
13:46 The other big event of course is the crossing of the rings of Saturn
17:03 The Southern Cross is well positioned during the month of June
18:38 Venus and Jupiter are the two brightest planets in the night sky
19:16 Also in August, it's a great time to have a look at Sagittarius
20:35 Total eclipse of the Moon occurs when Moon moves into Earth's shadow
23:06 The Australasian Sky Guide has just released its 30th edition
25:05 World Meteorological Organisation confirms that 2024 was the warmest year on record
29:34 It's claimed that two allegedly Celtic heads could turn you into a werewolf
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✍️ Episode References
University of Arizona
[https://www.arizona.edu](https://www.arizona.edu)
Nature Geoscience
[https://www.nature.com/ngeo/](https://www.nature.com/ngeo/)
European Space Agency (ESA)
[https://www.esa.int](https://www.esa.int)
Japan Aerospace Exploration...

SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 05
Volcanic Activity on Mars
New research suggests recent volcanic activity on Mars, with eruptions possibly occurring within the last 50,000 years. This discovery, based on satellite observations, highlights a mysterious dark deposit in Elysium Planitia, indicating explosive volcanism. The findings could mean Mars is still volcanically active, raising possibilities of habitable conditions due to interactions between magma and icy substrates.
Mysteries of Supernova 1987A
Astronomers using the Murchison Wide Field Array have been delving into the enigmatic Supernova 1987A. The supernova, marking the death of a blue supergiant star, offers insights into stellar evolution. The peculiar hourglass shape and the unexpected blue supergiant phase of the progenitor star continue to puzzle scientists.
Dream Chaser Space Plane Launch Delayed
The inaugural flight of the Dream Chaser space plane, Tenacity, is now scheduled for May. The spacecraft will carry supplies to the International Space Station, showcasing its capabilities. Sierra Space plans to use Dream Chaser for future missions, including building an orbiting habitat.
00:00 New study claims there's evidence for recent volcanic activity on Mars
05:34 Low frequency radio observations have provided a window into SN 1987A's past life
13:30 The long awaited inaugural flight of Sierra Space's Dream Chaser space plane is now expected
18:52 Canadian scientists compared prevalence and risk of mental disorders between trans and gender diverse people
21:07 Phoenix, Arizona named as America's top location for UFO sightings
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 04
Challenging the Existence of Dark Energy
A groundbreaking study from the University of Canterbury in New Zealand is challenging the long-held belief in dark energy, suggesting that the universe's expansion might not require this enigmatic force. The research proposes the "timescape" model, which accounts for variations in cosmic expansion rates by considering differences in gravitational time dilation. This model could potentially resolve some of the universe's biggest mysteries, including the Hubble tension, by suggesting that dark energy is simply a misinterpretation of cosmic conditions.
Solar Wind Slowing Beyond Pluto
NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has detected a slowdown in the solar wind as it travels beyond Pluto. The data reveals that the solar wind, a stream of charged particles from the Sun, decelerates as it picks up interstellar material. This discovery offers new insights into the heliosphere's outer reaches and the interaction between solar and interstellar forces.
Venus's Volcanic Past
New research indicates that Venus's ancient tesserae regions, once thought to be akin to Earth's continental crust, may actually be composed of layered volcanic rocks. This finding, based on radar data from NASA's Magellan mission, challenges previous assumptions and provides fresh perspectives on Venus's geological history.
00:00 New observations show the solar wind slowing down beyond Pluto
00:27 New study claims dark energy doesn't explain accelerating universe
11:27 If the universe has an energy field of the right kind, expansion can accelerate
18:22 Some tesserae on Venus have layering consistent with volcanic activity
21:07 Scientists have identified a new genetic link to autism spectrum disorder
23:51 LG will release a fridge with a transparent OLED door
24:58 The flip phone turns 29 on January 3rd, 1996
26:28 Microsoft have announced their own version of Apple's Mac Mini
27:31 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts
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✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters
[https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl](https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl)
Astrophysical Journal
[https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/)
Journal Geology
[https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology](https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology)

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 03
Parker Solar Probe's Historic Journey
NASA's Parker Solar Probe has made history by becoming the fastest man-made object, surviving a record-breaking close approach to the Sun's surface. The probe, travelling at an unprecedented speed of 155,520 kilometres per hour, flew just 6.1 million kilometres above the Sun, providing invaluable data to help scientists understand the Sun's impacts on the solar system, including Earth. This mission marks a significant achievement in space exploration, shedding light on the Sun's mysterious processes and aiding in the search for habitable worlds beyond our planet.
Mystery of Ultra Luminous X-Ray Sources
Astronomers have detected unusual flaring activity in an ultra luminous X-ray source, challenging our understanding of these enigmatic cosmic phenomena. Observations reveal flux variations by up to a factor of six over a few hours, offering new insights into the nature of these powerful sources, which could be linked to feeding supermassive black holes or intermediate mass black holes.
Solar Cycle and La Niña Connection
A new study suggests a possible link between the Sun's 11-year solar cycle and Earth's La Niña weather patterns. The findings indicate that solar variability may drive seasonal weather changes, potentially improving predictions of major climatic events like El Niño and La Niña, which have significant impacts on global weather patterns.
January Skywatch
00:00 Stuart Gary talks about NASA's Parker Solar Probe and more
00:39 NASA's Parker Solar Probe survived its close approach to the sun on December 24
05:19 NASA's Parker Solar Probe is 3.8 million miles from the sun
10:52 Astronomers studying an ultra luminous X ray source have detected strange flaring activity
13:12 Solar variability may be driving seasonal weather variability here on Earth
17:19 New study suggests eating more fruits and vegetables could help reduce depression
19:35 A much anticipated United States Congressional hearing on UFOs turned out to be flop
25:23 A new paper claims that one of the biggest mysteries in science doesn't actually exist
35:55 If the universe has an energy field of the right kind, expansion can accelerate
42:59 New findings could provide fresh insights into the enigmatic planet's geological history
45:50 Scientists have identified a new genetic link to autism spectrum disorder
48:29 LG will release a fridge with a transparent OLED door
49:35 Nintendo has announced that it will launch its Nintendo Switch by March 31st
51:06 Microsoft have announced their own version of Apple's Mac Mini with ARM chips
52:25 A new study claims there's evidence for recent volcanic activity on Mars
56:11 Astronomers using radio telescope in Western Australia study supernova 1987A
01:04:08 What exactly caused 87A to go to a blue super giant phase
01:05:12 The long awaited inaugural flight of Sierra Space's Dream Chaser space plane is now expected
01:10:34 Canadian scientists compared prevalence and risk of mental disorders between trans and gender diverse people
01:12:49 Phoenix, Arizona named as America's top location for UFO sightings
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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 02
Liquid Water on Mars: A Mirage?
A new study casts doubt on the existence of liquid water on Mars, challenging previous assumptions about recurring slope lineae and the potential for brine pools. Researchers argue that the Martian environment's low temperature and pressure make it unlikely for liquid water to exist, even in the form of salty brines. The findings question the habitability of the Red Planet by Earth standards.
New Asteroids Discovered
NASA's Webb Space Telescope has identified a new population of small main belt asteroids between Mars and Jupiter. These 138 newly discovered celestial bodies range in size from a bus to a football stadium, offering insights into asteroid formation and the potential risks of asteroid impacts on Earth.
Australia's Lunar Rover Project Advances
Australia's first Lunar Rover project is moving forward with the development of prototype rovers and essential technology to tackle lunar dust challenges. Supported by the Australian Space Agency, this $42 million initiative aims to enhance Australia's role in lunar exploration.
January Skywatch
00:00 New study claims we're unlikely to ever find liquid water on Mars
04:50 NASA's Webb Space Telescope has discovered 138 new asteroids in the main asteroid belt
07:53 January marks Earth's closest orbital position to the sun perihelion
09:59 Sirius is the fifth closest star to the sun and it's gradually moving closer
16:37 Looking due north just above the horizon this time of year you'll see Capella
22:28 January also plays host to one primary meteor shower, the Quadrantids
24:26 There's plenty to see in the night sky during January, as long as
28:36 The Orion Nebula looks magnificent through a telescope and even better on photos
31:59 Just beyond Orion we've got Taurus constellation Taurus
33:05 On 15 January, planet Mars reaches its closest point in its orbitwww.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
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✍️ Episode References
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
[https://www.pnas.org/](https://www.pnas.org/)
NASA Ames Research Center
[https://www.nasa.gov/ames](https://www.nasa.gov/ames)
Australian Space Agency
[https://www.industry.gov.au/space](https://www.industry.gov.au/space)
Sky & Telescope Magazine
[https://skyandtelescope.org/](https://skyandtelescope.org/)

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SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 01
Webb Telescope Confirms Hubble Tension
The James Webb Space Telescope has confirmed the Hubble Tension, challenging the current understanding of cosmic theory. New observations reveal that the Universe is expanding faster now than during its early years, suggesting gaps in our understanding of cosmic physics. The study, led by Adam Rees and Thomas Barber, confirms the accuracy of Hubble's measurements, pointing to unknown factors in the Universe's expansion.
Liquid Erosion on Asteroid Vesta
A new hypothesis proposes that liquids could have carved out gullies on the airless asteroid Vesta. Laboratory experiments suggest that briny liquids, rather than dry debris flows, may have formed these features. This study, reported in the Planetary Science Journal, provides insights into the geological processes on Vesta.
New Year's Day Fireworks on Mars
While Earth celebrates New Year's Day, Mars experiences its own fireworks with explosive spring thaws. The Martian northern hemisphere is undergoing dynamic surface changes, including frost avalanches and gas geysers. These phenomena offer a unique glimpse into the seasonal cycles on the Red Planet.
00:00 This is space Time Series 28, Episode 1, for broadcast on January 1 2025
00:52 Measurement discrepancy between Hubble and Webb on Universe's expansion remains unexplained
13:51 The Martian northern hemisphere is going through an active, even explosive spring thaw
21:17 New study shows teen smoking increases risk of heart disease later in life
23:54 Software update will turn AirPods Pro 2 into therapeutic grade hearing aid
28:32 TechRadar released its annual Top of the Pops list this year
29:51 TechRadar said the Apple Vision Pro was the biggest flop of 2024
31:21 Space Time with Stuart Gary is available on many podcasting platforms
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✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
[https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/)
Planetary Science Journal
[https://psj.aas.org/](https://psj.aas.org/)
NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
[https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/](https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/)
American College of Cardiology
[https://www.jacc.org/](https://www.jacc.org/)
Australian Zoologist
[https://www.rzsnsw.org.au/](https://www.rzsnsw.org.au/)
Journal Interface


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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 157
NASA's Parker Solar Probe Touches the Sun
NASA's Parker Solar Probe has made history by becoming the first spacecraft to touch the Sun. The probe, weighing 685 kilogrammes, flew within 6.1 million kilometres of the solar surface, achieving unprecedented speeds of over 692 kilometres per hour. This milestone marks a significant step in understanding solar phenomena and space weather, with implications for forecasting geomagnetic storms.
Moon's Volcanic Past Unveiled
New samples from China's Chang'e 6 mission to the Moon's far side reveal volcanic activity as recent as 2.8 billion years ago. This finding challenges previous assumptions about the Moon's geological history, suggesting a prolonged period of volcanism on its far side, distinct from earlier samples obtained from the near side.
Mapping the Milky Way
Astronomers have crafted a new stellar chart offering a more comprehensive map of our Milky Way galaxy. The study reveals the galaxy's formation in two distinct phases, with implications for understanding its structure and evolution. This research provides new insights into areas previously hidden from view.
00:00 This is space Time Series 27 episode 157 for broadcast on 30 December 2024
00:47 NASA's Parker Solar Probe flew closer to the sun than any other spacecraft
02:05 NASA launched Parker solar probe to touch the Sun in August 2018
10:04 New data from China's Chang'e 6 mission suggests lunar volcanism still active
13:09 Astronomers develop new stellar chart providing a more complete map of our Milky Way galaxy
16:45 New study claims drinking tea or coffee reduces risk of head and neck cancers
18:46 Scientists at Monash University have made a breakthrough in energy storage technology
20:57 Consumer magazine Choice has announced its shonky award winners for 2024
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✍️ Episode References
Parker Solar Probe
https://www.nasa.gov/content/parker-solar-probe
Chang'e 6 Mission
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2128-4
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics
https://www.aip.de/en
Sloan Digital Sky Survey
https://www.sdss.org/

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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 156
Superflares: A Century-Long Threat?
A new study warns of the potential for our Sun to unleash superflares, with the threat estimated at once per century. These massive eruptions could engulf the Earth, challenging our understanding of solar behaviour. Evidence from other sun-like stars suggests that such violent solar events may be more common than previously thought, urging caution as we continue to study these phenomena.
Binary Star Discovery Near Galactic Core
Astronomers have identified the first binary star system near Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy. This discovery, made using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope, offers new insights into how stars can survive in extreme gravitational environments. The findings could pave the way for detecting planets orbiting close to this massive black hole.
NASA's Lucy Mission: Onward to Jupiter
NASA's Lucy spacecraft has completed its second close flyby of Earth, gaining a gravity assist to propel it towards Jupiter's Trojan asteroids. This manoeuvre is part of Lucy's 12-year mission to study these ancient celestial bodies, believed to be remnants from the early solar system. The spacecraft's journey promises to unlock new secrets about the formation of our planetary neighbourhood.
00:00 This is Spacetime Series 27, episode 156 for broadcast on 27th December 2024
00:48 New observations suggest our sun may be far more violent than previously thought
05:17 Astronomers detect binary star system near supermassive black hole
08:49 NASA's Lucy spacecraft makes second close flyby of the Earth
10:37 NASA's Lucy mission is heading to the Jupiter Trojans
12:26 Sea ice levels in the ocean surrounding Antarctica reach new record lows in 2023
13:52 A new study claims drinking moderate amounts of wine can ward off heart disease
15:05 There are headlines saying believing in Loch Ness monster makes you less stressed
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✍️ Episode References
NASA Lucy spacecraft
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/lucy/overview/index.html
Max Planck Institute
https://www.mpg.de/en
European Southern Observatory
https://www.eso.org/public/
Kepler space telescope
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
British Medical Journal
https://www.bmj.com/
European Heart Journal
https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj
Australian Sceptics
https://www.skeptics.com.au/


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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 155
*Discovery of a New Class of Cosmic X-Ray
Astronomers have identified a new class of cosmic X-ray source, potentially originating from a novel type of nova event. The study, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, reveals 29 unusual objects in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. These objects displayed unexpected behaviours, such as long-duration X-ray outbursts and recurring outbreaks. The findings suggest these sources, dubbed 'Milli Novae', could play a crucial role in understanding astrophysical phenomena, especially as they may contribute to the mass of white dwarfs, potentially leading to Type 1A supernovae.
*Uncovering the Secrets of the Centaurs
Using the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have begun studying centaurs, a unique family of comet-like asteroids orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune. The study of 2060 Chiron reveals surface chemistry unlike any other known centaur, with carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide ices, and methane gases in its coma. These findings provide new insights into the origins of our solar system, as centaurs have remained largely unchanged since its formation 4.6 billion years ago.
*NASA's Plans for Commercial Space Stations
With the International Space Station set for retirement in 2030, NASA is supporting the development of multiple commercial space stations. Projects include the NASA-funded STAR Labs space station, slated for launch in 2028, and Axiom's modular space station, which will initially dock with the ISS. Other proposals, like Orbital Reef and Haven One, are also in development, promising to advance commercial space activities and research.
00:00 Astronomers have identified a new class of cosmic X ray source
04:44 2060 Chiron provides new clues about the origins of our solar system
12:56 A number of proposals for commercial low Earth orbit space stations are growing
17:46 Higher levels of air pollution associated with higher risk of hospitalisation, study finds
19:31 Almost all artificial intelligence chatbots are showing symptoms of mild cognitive impairment
20:47 Apple's AI summarisation feature sometimes gives incorrect summaries
22:47 ChatGPT has made its search engines free
24:17 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts
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✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
[https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/
8205](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205)
2--- OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment)
[http://ogle.astrouw.edu.pl/](http://ogle.astrouw.edu.pl/)
Southern African Large Telescope
[http://www.salt.ac.za/](http://www.salt.ac.za/)
NASA's Swift Space Observatory
[https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/)
University of Central Florida
[https://www.ucf.edu/](https://www.ucf.edu/)
James Webb...

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 154
*The Moon's Age: A New Perspective
New research suggests the Moon may be much older than previously believed. Evidence indicates the Moon's crust underwent extensive remelting around 4.35 billion years ago, obscuring its true age. This study proposes the Moon could be as old as 4.53 billion years, challenging past estimates and offering a new understanding of its formation.
*Perseverance Rover's New Horizons
NASA's Perseverance rover has reached the top of Jezero Crater's rim, marking a significant milestone in its mission. With the climb complete, the rover is set to explore new geological terrains, potentially uncovering some of the oldest rocks in the solar system. This new phase promises to deepen our understanding of Mars' ancient history.
*Unveiling South Australia's Pink Sands Mystery
The discovery of deep pink sands on South Australian beaches has provided insights into the tectonic history of the region. These findings, published in Communications Earth and Environment, suggest the existence of an ancient Antarctic mountain range, offering clues about the geological past of the supercontinent Gondwana.
00:00 This is space Time Series 27, Episode 154 for broadcast on 23 December 2024
00:47 New research suggests Earth's moon may be an awful lot older than previously thought
07:05 NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has completed its long climb to summit
10:51 Deep pink sands washing up on South Australian beaches reveal previously unknown mountain range
19:05 Garnets are a metamorphic mineral which grows when deep in crust
20:51 Ambulance and taxi drivers have lowest death rate from Alzheimer's
22:57 New study finds men are quicker to buy drinks when women are scarce
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✍️ Episode References
NASA Perseverance Rover
https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/
University of California, Santa Cruz
https://www.ucsc.edu/
University of Adelaide
https://www.adelaide.edu.au/
Communications Earth and Environment Journal
https://www.nature.com/commsenv/
ANSTO's Opal Nuclear Research Reactor
https://www.ansto.gov.au/research/facilities/opal-multipurpose-reactor
British Medical Journal
https://www.bmj.com/
Biological Letters Journal
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsbl
Australian Sceptics
https://www.skeptics.com.au/
Space Time with Stuart Gary
https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com/


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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 153
*The Mysterious Origins of Martian Minerals
A new study suggests that some Martian minerals may have formed in liquid carbon dioxide rather than water. While traditional views link Mars' dry river channels to past water presence, this research indicates that under ancient Martian conditions, liquid CO2 could have been a significant factor in shaping the planet's geological features. This finding, published in Nature Geoscience, adds a new layer to the ongoing debate about Mars' liquid past and its implications for the planet's habitability.
*Australia's Arnhem Space Centre Shuttered
Equatorial Launch Australia has announced the closure of the Arnhem Space Centre due to unresolved lease issues with the Northern Land Council. Originally envisioned as a hub for commercial space launches, the project faced multiple delays over land agreements. Plans are now underway to relocate operations to Queensland, aiming to establish the Australian Space Centre, Geberic which promises significant economic benefits and indigenous employment opportunities.
*Discovery of the Heaviest Antimatter Particle
Physicists at CERN's Large Hadron Collider have identified what could be the heaviest antimatter particle ever detected. Using the ALICE experiment, researchers observed anti-hyperhelium 4, an exotic hypernucleus. This discovery provides new insights into the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe, as scientists continue to explore the mysteries of the Big Bang and the universe's evolution.
00:00 Some Martian minerals may have been formed in liquid carbon dioxide rather than water
06:01 Scientists find evidence for what appears to be the most massive antimatter particle ever detected
13:15 Move of time projection chamber into ALICE detector starts very slowly
15:22 The TPC is our main tracking detector for heavy ion collisions
20:21 Living in an agricultural community with high pesticide use may increase cancer risk
22:50 Former CNN reporter Tucker Carlson claims he was attacked by a demon while sleeping
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✍️ Episode References
Journal of Nature Geoscience
[Nature Geoscience](https://www.nature.com/ngeo/)
NASA's Mars Perseverance rover mission
[NASA Perseverance](https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/)
Equatorial Launch Australia
[Equatorial Launch Australia](https://ela.space/)
Large Hadron Collider
[CERN LHC](https://home.cern/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider)
ALICE experiment
[ALICE Experiment](https://alice.cern/)
Northern Land Council
[Northern Land Council](https://www.nlc.org.au/)
Journal Frontiers of Cancer Control and Society
[Frontiers in Cancer](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cancer)
Journal Science
[Science Journal](https://www.sciencemag.org/)
Australian Skeptics
[Australian Skeptics](https://www.skeptics.com.au/)

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 152
*Martian Dust Storms: A New Understanding
A groundbreaking study reveals the triggers behind Mars' infamous planet-wide dust storms. Researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder suggest that relatively warm and sunny days could initiate these massive storms. Presented at the American Geophysical Union's 2024 meeting, the findings could pave the way for forecasting Martian weather, similar to Earth meteorology. Understanding these storms is crucial, as they pose significant challenges to Mars missions by affecting rovers and landers.
*Discovery of New Dark Comets
Astronomers have doubled the known population of dark comets, discovering seven more of these enigmatic celestial bodies. These objects, which resemble asteroids but behave like comets, are categorized into two groups based on their orbits and reflectivity. The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, explores their potential role in delivering vital materials to Earth, such as water.
*Space Weather's Impact on National Security
As technology advances, space weather events pose an increasing threat to national security assets. Geomagnetic storms, part of the Sun's 11-year cycle, can disrupt satellites, power grids, and communications. Johns Hopkins researchers are developing models and tools to predict and mitigate these impacts, emphasizing the importance of understanding space weather to protect critical infrastructure.
00:00 This is Space Time Series 27, Episode 152 for broadcast on 18 December 2024
00:47 New study could help predict extreme weather events on Mars
04:34 Astronomers have detected seven more dark comets, doubling the number
08:26 Scientists are working on new research projects to protect national security assets from space weather
12:35 Are we prepared for a catastrophic solar storm? The dangers of a solar eruption come in three phases
16:24 The gap between our health span and lifespan is getting wider globally
19:51 Apple have just released their new 18.2 AI suite just in time for Christmas
21:40 Google has launched its own AI assistant called Gemini 2.0
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✍️ Episode References
American Geophysical Union
https://www.agu.org/
University of Colorado Boulder
https://www.colorado.edu/
NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/
The Martian (2015 Film)
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3659388/
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
https://www.pnas.org/
Michigan State University
https://msu.edu/
Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
https://www.jhuapl.edu/
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/
University of New South Wales
https://www.unsw.edu.au/
Angavande Shemi Journal
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15213773
Apple AI
https://www.apple.com/

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 151
*A New Perspective on the Moon's Aitken Basin
Recent observations of the Moon's south pole reveal that the Aitken Basin crater is more circular than previously believed. This significant discovery challenges existing theories about its formation and has implications for future lunar missions, including NASA's Artemis program. The study, published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters, suggests a more direct impact created the crater, offering potential access to deep lunar material for study.
*Gravitational Wave Maps Unveil Hidden Cosmic Structures
Astronomers have developed the most detailed gravitational wave maps yet, revealing hidden black holes and cosmic structures. Using pulsar timing arrays, researchers have detected a background of gravitational waves across the universe. This groundbreaking research, reported in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, opens new avenues for understanding galactic evolution and the universe's history.
*NASA's First Aircraft Accident Investigation on another planet
NASA has conducted its first aircraft accident investigation on another planet following the crash of the Mars Ingenuity helicopter. The investigation revealed that the helicopter's navigation system struggled with the featureless Martian terrain, leading to a hard landing. Despite the crash, Ingenuity continues to provide valuable data for future Mars missions.

00:00 This is space Time Series 27, Episode 151 for broadcast on 16 December 2024
00:47 New observations of the Moon's south pole have shown the Aitken Basin crater is circular
05:04 Space astronomers have created the most detailed maps ever of gravitational waves across universe
14:10 The Meerkat radio telescope is probably the best radio telescope at the moment
18:52 NASA conducting first ever aircraft accident investigation on another planet
24:11 Single mutation on H5N1 bird flu could make human infections more likely
26:14 A recent study found journalists brains are suffering from poor executive functioning
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
University of Maryland
https://www.umd.edu/
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/earth-and-planetary-science-letters
Artemis Missions
https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/
Chandrayaan 3
https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan3.html
Swinburne University
https://www.swinburne.edu.au/
Osgrav
https://www.ozgrav.org/
Meerkat Radio Telescope
https://www.sarao.ac.za/science-engineering/meerkat/
LIGO
https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/
Virgo
https://www.virgo-gw.eu/
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/
Perseverance Rover
https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/
Mars Sample Return
https://mars.nasa.gov/msr/
Dragonfly...

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 150
*Venus: A Lifeless World
New research has debunked the long-standing theory that Venusmight have once been habitable. Despite being Earth's sister planet, a study of its atmospheric chemistry reveals that Venus has always been too dry to support oceans, making it an inhospitable world throughout its history. These findings, published in Nature Astronomy, have significant implications for the search for life on exoplanets, suggesting a focus on more Earth-like candidates.
*Mars Perseverance Rover Reaches Jezero Crater Rim
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has successfully reached the rim of Jezero Crater, where it is examining the Picotquino region. This area could provide insights into ancient geological processes on Mars, potentially revealing clues about the planet's past climate and the impact that formed the crater.
*Quantum Sensors in Space
NASA's Cold Atom Lab aboard the International Space Station has achieved a groundbreaking milestone by using ultra-cold atoms to detect environmental changes in Space. This marks a new era in quantum science, with potential applications in studying planetary compositions and testing fundamental theories of gravity.
00:00 New study suggests Venus was never habitable; quantum sensor used in space
00:26 New study has shown that the planet Venus was never habitable
06:32 NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has finally reached the rim of Jezero
08:56 NASA's Cold Atom Lab has taken another step towards quantum science in space
16:33 Permafrost thawing due to climate change could lead to wildfires
19:30 New images have emerged of what's reported to be the famed Loch Ness Monster
23:41 Space Time podcast features Stuart Gary talking about Bigfoot in America www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
www.bitesz.com
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✍️ Episode References
Nature Astronomy
[Nature Astronomy Journal](https://www.nature.com/natastron/)
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover
[NASA Perseverance Rover](https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/)
Cambridge University
[University of Cambridge](https://www.cam.ac.uk/)
NASA's Da Vinci Mission
[NASA Da Vinci Mission](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-davinci-mission-to-take-the-plunge-through-massive-venus-atmosphere)
James Webb Space Telescope
[James Webb Space Telescope](https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/)
NASA Cold Atom Lab
[NASA Cold Atom Lab](https://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/)
Grace FO Mission
[GRACE-FO Mission](https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/)
Nature Communications
[Nature Communications Journal](https://www.nature.com/ncomms/)
Forensic Science International Genetics
[Forensic Science International: Genetics](https://www.journals.elsevier.com/forensic-science-international-genetics)


Become a supporter of this podcast:

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 149
*Did Earth's Oceans Come from Comets?
New research suggests that Earth's oceans may have originated from comets, reigniting the debate about the origins of Earth's water. Recent observations of Comet 67P reveal a similar molecular signature to Earth's oceans, challenging previous findings and suggesting Jupiter family comets could have contributed to Earth's water supply. This discovery, led by Kathleen Mandit from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre, highlights the importance of understanding the origins of water, a crucial element for life on Earth.
*Discovery of a Rare Main Belt Comet
A mysterious object in the main asteroid belt has been confirmed as a rare main belt comet. Identified as 456P PanSTARRS, this comet displays regular cometary features despite residing in the main asteroid belt. This discovery, led by Henry Heissch from the Planetary Science Institute, adds to the small but growing list of known main belt comets, offering new insights into the icy bodies of the solar system and their potential to trace ices across the cosmos.
*BepiColombo's Fifth Mercury Flyby
The BepiColombo spacecraft has successfully completed its fifth flyby of Mercury, bringing it closer to entering orbit around the solar system's innermost planet. This mission, a collaboration between ESA and JAXA, aims to uncover the mysteries of Mercury's surface and magnetic field. During the flyby, BepiColombo's instruments collected valuable data, including the first mid-infrared measurements of Mercury's surface, crucial for understanding the planet's composition.
00:00 New observations suggest that Earth oceans may have come from comets after all
09:22 Main belt comets are icy objects found in the main asteroid belt
12:43 The BepiColombo spacecraft has completed its fifth flyby of Mercury
15:10 Eating a healthy diet during pregnancy is linked to lower risk of autism
17:27 Samsung are testing new artificial intelligence upgrades for their Galaxy smartphones
19:36 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 148
*Another Delay for NASA's Artemis Moon Mission
NASA has announced a delay in the launch of its Artemis 2 manned Moon mission, now rescheduled for April 2026. Originally planned for September 2025, the delay is due to concerns about the Orion spacecraft's heat shield. This postponement also affects the timeline for Artemis 3, which aims to return humans to the lunar surface. NASA's focus is on ensuring the safety and reliability of the spacecraft's reentry systems, with adjustments planned for the Artemis 2 mission trajectory.
*Ancient Hot Water Activity on Mars Uncovered
A groundbreaking study has provided the oldest direct evidence of ancient hot water activity on Mars, suggesting a potentially habitable past. Researchers analysed zircon grains from the Martian meteorite NWA 7034, known as Black Buddy, revealing elemental evidence of water-rich fluids from 4.45 billion years ago. This discovery enhances our understanding of Mars' hydrothermal systems and their role in the planet's early habitability.
*Proba-3: Europe's Eclipse-Making Double Satellite
The European Space Agency's Proba-3 mission has successfully entered orbit, marking a new era in solar observation. Launched aboard an Indian PSLV rocket, the twin satellites will perform precise formation flying to create artificial solar eclipses, allowing for detailed study of the Sun's corona. This innovative mission aims to fill observational gaps and advance our understanding of solar dynamics and Space weather.
00:00 Another delay for the first manned moon mission in half a century
00:48 NASA postpone launch of Artemis 2 Man Moon mission until April 2026
04:08 New study finds oldest direct evidence of ancient hot water activity on Mars
06:43 Black Beauty contains some of the oldest materials known from Mars
14:16 You found evidence of what would call hydrothermal activity on Mars
15:41 We wanted to focus on trace elements in zircon
22:52 Was it internal heat release from Mars or was it impact driven
28:42 European Space Agency's probe of three spacecraft has successfully achieved orbit insertion
32:29 House panel says lab leak likely caused COVID 19 pandemic
34:46 Scientists have documented the collapse of the Conga Glensa Ice Shelf
37:04 Between 68 and 94% of people believe sensation is caused by being watched
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 147
*A Cosmic Glimpse into the Universe's Past
Astronomers have witnessed a rare supernova, 2023 UFX, offering insights into the early universe. This unusual stellar explosion involved a metal-poor red supergiant star, providing clues about the cosmic conditions when the universe began. The study, led by Michael Tucker from Ohio State University, reveals how early supernovae seeded the next generation of stars, shaping galaxies like the Milky Way. The findings underscore the significance of dwarf galaxies as analogues for the universe's infancy, highlighting how metal-poor environments influenced star evolution and supernova behaviour.
*Volcanic Mysteries on Jupiter's Moon Io
A new study reveals that Io, Jupiter's volcanic moon, has active volcanoes at its poles, potentially regulating internal tidal heating. This discovery, based on NASA's Juno spacecraft data, sheds light on Io's intense volcanic activity and its role in planetary formation processes. Tidal heating, caused by gravitational interactions, plays a crucial role in sustaining subsurface oceans on other moons, offering a glimpse into the dynamic geological processes shaping celestial bodies.
*America's Next Mega Rocket: New Glenn
Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket has been positioned vertically on its launch pad, preparing for its maiden flight. This 98-metre-tall launch vehicle is set to join the ranks of NASA's SLS Orion and SpaceX's Starship in advancing Space exploration capabilities. The upcoming hot fire test will evaluate the rocket and launch pad systems, paving the way for future missions. New Glenn aims to lift significant payloads into various orbits, with plans for reusability akin to SpaceX's Falcon 9.00:00 This is space Time Series 27 episode 147 for broadcast on 6th December 2024
00:44 2023 UFX is the most metal poor stellar explosion ever observed
04:17 Active volcanoes at IO's poles may help regulate internal tidal heating
07:08 Blue Origin's New Glenn ready for hot fire test ahead of maiden flight
09:22 December's astronomical highlight is the December solstice which occurs on Saturday
14:29 Astronomers describe stars in terms of spectral types based on temperature and characteristics
18:11 Two blue stars nearing end of their lives expected to go supernova
23:41 The brightest star in Orion is a red supergiant called Betelgeuse
33:40 Once the sun has gone down and the sky is dark, you will see Orion
36:34 The Pleiades cluster is also known as the Seven Sisters
38:45 If you look down to the south, we'll see that Southern Cross
40:09 Venus shining big and bright above the western horizon after sunset
41:18 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
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✍️ Episode References
Ohio State University
[Ohio State...

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 146
*Supernova's Potential to End the Dark Matter Search
Astronomers are eagerly awaiting a nearby supernova that could finally solve the mystery of dark matter. A new study suggests that axions, hypothetical particles, could be discovered within seconds of a supernova's gamma-ray burst. The Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope might detect these gamma rays, offering insights into the mass of QCD axions. However, the rarity of such supernovae and the telescope's limited field of view pose challenges. Researchers are considering launching a fleet of gamma-ray telescopes, named GALAX, to ensure comprehensive coverage.
*Magnetic Tornadoes at Jupiter's Poles
A recent study reveals that Jupiter's poles are home to magnetic tornadoes that generate Earth-sized concentrations of hydrocarbon haze. These phenomena, visible only in ultraviolet light, are linked to the planet's strong magnetic fields. The findings, based on Hubble Space Telescope images, shed light on the unique atmospheric dynamics of Jupiter, contrasting with Earth's auroral processes.
*Arrival of the World's Biggest Digital Camera at NASA
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre has received the Wide Field Instrument, the largest digital camera ever built, for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. This advanced camera will offer an unprecedented panoramic view of the universe, aiding in the study of dark energy, dark matter, and exoplanets. Scheduled for launch in 2027, Roman's capabilities will surpass those of current Space telescopes.
The Science Robert
A new study links prolonged sedentary behaviour with increased heart disease risk, even among active individuals. Research highlights the crucial ecological role of large sharks, threatened by overfishing and habitat loss. Palaeontologists use dinosaur faeces to trace the evolutionary rise of dinosaurs. Advances in lithium battery technology promise safer and longer-lasting power sources, potentially revolutionising energy storage.
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00:00 How a nearby supernova could end the search for dark matter
09:33 Magnetic vortexes at Jupiter's poles may be generating Earth sized hydrocarbon haze
13:22 The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is designed to study dark energy
17:29 More sedentary time may increase risk of heart disease and death, study finds
20:48 Next generation of safer lithium batteries may well be on their way
25:44 Space Time with Stuart Gary is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday
✍️ Episode References
Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope
[NASA Fermi](https://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/)
Physical Review Letters
[Physical Review Letters](https://journals.aps.org/prl/)
University of California, Berkeley
[UC Berkeley](https://www.berkeley.edu/)
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre
[NASA Goddard](https://www.nasa.gov/goddard)
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 145
*Unveiling the Mysteries of Uranus and Neptune
A new study reveals that Uranus and Neptune, the ice giants of our solar system, may have layered interiors composed of water, methane, and ammonia, similar to oil and water that do not mix. This discovery could explain their unique magnetic fields, previously a mystery to scientists. The research, led by Burkhard Miltzer from the University of California, Berkeley, suggests that these planets have a water-rich layer beneath their cloud tops, followed by a denser carbon-rich layer, challenging previous theories about their internal structure.
*Parker Solar Probe's Final Venus Flyby
NASA's Parker Solar Probe has completed its last Venus gravity assist, setting its course to come within 6.2 million kilometers of the Sun's surface. This maneuver, aside from aiding the primary mission, has provided new insights into Venus, as the probe's instruments captured unexpected data revealing the planet's surface glowing in the near-infrared spectrum. These findings offer fresh perspectives on Venusian surface conditions and composition.
*NASA's SphereX Mission: A Kaleidoscope of the Cosmos
Scheduled for launch next year, NASA's SphereX mission will create the most colorful map of the cosmos ever attempted. By observing the universe in 102 infrared colors, SphereX aims to uncover the mysteries of the universe's formation and evolution, including the origins of water on planets like Earth. This mission will provide a comprehensive 3D map of hundreds of millions of galaxies, offering unprecedented insights into cosmic history and the distribution of essential life ingredients across the Milky Way.
The Science Report
Russia has deployed a new nuclear-capable hypersonic missile, marking a significant escalation in its military capabilities. The Lancet's report on climate change impacts highlights that nearly half the world experienced extreme drought last year. Archaeologists have discovered what might be the oldest alphabetic writing in Syria, dating back to 2400 BCE. A new documentary explores the British royal family's interest in UFOs and the paranormal, revealing a long-standing fascination with these phenomena.
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00:00 New study suggests Uranus and Neptune feature layers that don't mix
07:04 NASA's Parker Solar Probe completes its final Venus gravity assist flyby
11:14 NASA's SphereX mission will look at the universe in 102 colors
20:50 Modern astronomy is built upon spectroscopy. Spectra unveil the structures of black holes
22:42 Russia has commenced using a new nuclear capable hypersonic missile to attack Ukraine
25:35 Almost half of the world experienced extreme drought last year, according to Lancet study
University of California, Berkeley
[berkeley.edu](https://www.berkeley.edu)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 144
*Young Exoplanet Challenges Planet Formation Theories
Astronomers have discovered an exoplanet, Taade 1b, that is just 3 million years old, challenging our current understanding of the speed at which planets form. This young planet, orbiting its star every seven Earth days, offers a unique glimpse into the early stages of planetary formation. The study, led by Madison Barber from the University of North Carolina, highlights the surprising rapidity of Taade 1b's formation compared to Earth's estimated 10 to 20 million-year formation period. The discovery provides new insights into the differences between our solar system and those hosting close-in giant planets like Taade 1b.
*Photon Shape Revealed by New Quantum Theory
A groundbreaking theory has allowed scientists to define the precise shape of a photon for the first time. Reported in Physical Review Letters, this research explores how photons, as particles of light, interact with matter at the quantum level. The study reveals that photons have a spherical shape with varying light levels, providing new insights into their dual wave-particle nature. This advance opens up new research avenues in quantum physics and nanophotonic technologies, potentially revolutionising communication, pathogen detection, and chemical reaction control.
*NASA's Swift Space Telescope: 20 Years of Discovery
NASA's Swift Space Telescope, dedicated to studying gamma-ray bursts, celebrates its 20th year in Space. Originally launched to solve the mystery of gamma-ray bursts, Swift has played a crucial role in identifying the origins of these powerful cosmic explosions. The observatory's rapid response capabilities have enabled significant discoveries beyond gamma-ray bursts, contributing to multi-messenger astronomy and enhancing our understanding of the universe.
The Science Robert
New research warns that combining blood-thinning drugs with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers like ibuprofen doubles the risk of internal bleeding. A study on the DNA history of ancient aurochs reveals complex ancestry for modern cattle. Scientists discover that the boundaries between solid and liquid metals are more fluid than previously thought, with implications for metal alloy applications. Psychologists explore the human brain's predisposition to believe in the supernatural, highlighting pattern recognition and expectation effects.
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00:00 A new discovery challenges our current understanding of how planets are formed
00:26 Astronomers have discovered an exoplanet that's just 3 million years old
03:48 New theory explains how light and matter interact at the...

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 143
*The Milky Way: An Unusual Galaxy
A new study reveals that our Milky Way galaxy is an outlier among similar galaxies, challenging the assumption that it is a typical model for understanding galactic formation and evolution. Published in the Astrophysical Journal, the research highlights differences in the Milky Way's evolutionary history compared to other galaxies of similar mass. The Satellite Surround Galactic Analogues (SEGA) survey has identified 101 Milky Way-like analogues, revealing that the Milky Way hosts fewer satellite dwarf galaxies than its peers. Additionally, star formation in the Milky Way's satellite galaxies is less active, raising questions about its unique galactic environment.
*Europe's Prober 3 Mission to Study the Sun
All systems are go for the European Space Agency's Prober 3 mission, set to launch next month to study the Sun's corona. This double-satellite mission will create artificial eclipses, allowing for prolonged observations of the Sun's atmosphere. The mission will employ precise formation flying, with one satellite blocking the Sun's disc for the other, enabling extended studies of the solar corona, the source of solar wind and Space weather.
*Australia's Secret Satellite Launch
A classified mission for Optus and the Australian Defence Force has been launched by SpaceX. The mission, known as TD7, involves a military telecommunications satellite placed into geostationary orbit. Built by Northrop Grumman, the satellite is designed for future mission extensions. The launch marks SpaceX's 16th mission for the same Falcon 9 booster, which successfully returned to Earth.
The Science Report
The World Health Organisation reports a surge in measles cases worldwide, with 10.3 million cases last year. A new study finds accelerated ice loss in an Alaskan ice field since 2005, contributing to sea level rise. Japanese scientists discover that domestic cats can associate human words with images without rewards. Norton issues a cyber warning on rising scam tactics and malware threats. Meanwhile, OpenAI considers developing its own web browser amidst debates on internet censorship and digital ID in Australia.
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00:00 This is space time series 27 episode 143 for broadcast on 27 November 2024
00:48 New study finds Milky Way is an outlier among similar galaxies
06:01 ESA's Prober 3 mission to study the sun will launch next month
08:20 Two satellites will fly together as one with millimetre level control
12:35 SpaceX has just launched a classified mission for Optus and the Australian Defence Force
15:31 World Health Organisation warns measles cases have now surged across the...

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 142
*How Mars Got Its Moons
A groundbreaking study suggests that Mars acquired its moons, Phobos and Deimos, after a passing asteroid was torn apart by the planet's gravity. This new hypothesis, based on NASA's supercomputer simulations and published in the journal Icarus, challenges previous theories of their origin, such as capture or major impact. The upcoming Martian Moons Exploration mission by JAXA, with NASA's involvement, aims to further investigate these theories by collecting samples from Phobos.
*Starship Test Flight 6
SpaceX has successfully completed its sixth test flight of the Starship Mega rocket, overseen by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk and U.S. President-elect Donald Trump. The test included a splashdown of the booster in the Gulf of Mexico and a successful orbital journey of the Starship, which trialled new heat shield materials and descent strategies. This marks the final test for this version of Starship, with an upgraded version expected to fly soon.
*Revisiting Earth's Ore Deposits
New research reveals that the largest iron ore deposits in Western Australia's Pilbara are around a billion years younger than previously thought. Using advanced geochronology techniques, scientists have dated these deposits to between 1.1 and 1.4 billion years, reshaping our understanding of Earth's geological history and aiding future exploration efforts.
The Science Report
A study suggests that a daily hour-long walk for those over 40 could extend life expectancy by five years. Meanwhile, global plastic waste is projected to double by mid-century, but a combination of policies could reduce it by 90%. Additionally, switching to a vegan diet could lower food costs by 19%, unlike the Mediterranean diet. The Bent Spoon Award was given to the Cancer Council of Western Australia for endorsing pseudoscientific practices like Richie.
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00:00 New study suggests Mars got its two moons after asteroid was torn apart
04:57 SpaceX has undertaken a successful sixth test flight of its Starship Mega rocket
08:17 Super heavy booster is attempting an offshore landing off the Gulf coast of Texas
10:18 The next milestone is Starship uh, is in terminal guidance
14:29 Starship is approaching the peak heating phase of entry
19:56 SpaceX's Starship rocket successfully carried its first ever biological payload
23:07 A new study finds planet Earth's largest iron ore deposits are younger than previously thought
33:14 A new study looked at physical activity and life expectancy
35:54 Western Australian Cancer Council endorsed pseudo medical and...

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 141
*Supermassive Black Hole Consumes Matter at Record Speed
Astronomers have discovered a supermassive black hole in the early universe consuming matter at a rate more than 40 times its theoretical limit. This black hole, catalogued as LID568, was observed by the Webb Space Telescope and is providing new insights into the rapid growth mechanisms of black holes shortly after the Big Bang. The findings challenge existing theories on how these cosmic giants formed so quickly and open new avenues for future research.
*Uranus' Magnetic Mysteries Unveiled
New analysis of 38-year-old data from NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft reveals that a space weather event dramatically compressed Uranus' magnetosphere just before the flyby in 1986. This event provides clues to the planet's unusual magnetic field and suggests that Uranus' moons might be more geologically active than previously thought. The findings are crucial for understanding this enigmatic ice giant and its unique characteristics.
*New Satellite to Track Earth's Surface Movements
Scientists are preparing to launch a new satellite, the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR), designed to measure ground movement on Earth's surface. Scheduled for launch next year, NISAR will provide detailed data on earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides, enhancing our ability to prepare for natural disasters. This mission will offer unprecedented insights into the dynamics of our planet's surface.
The Science Report
The World Meteorological Organization predicts 2024 to be the hottest year on record, driven by rising greenhouse gas levels. Meanwhile, ultra-processed foods are dominating global diets, linked to numerous chronic diseases. A study of dog breeds reveals that toy dogs have larger brains relative to their body size compared to working dogs. Lastly, a retrospective look at NASA's 1996 tether experiment debunks UFO theories, emphasizing the importance of scientific explanations.
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00:00 Black hole found to be consuming matter faster than its theoretical limit
04:37 Space weather event squeezed Uranus magnetosphere before 1986 Voyager 2 flyby
08:30 Scientists developing a new satellite designed to measure ground movement on the Earth's surface
13:10 World Meteorological Organization says 2024 will be the hottest year on record
✍️ Episode References
Webb Space Telescope
https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/
Chandra X Ray Observatory
https://chandra.harvard.edu/
National Science Foundation's National Optical Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory
https://www.noirlab.edu/
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/
Journal of Nature
https://www.nature.com/
Voyager 2
https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/
COP 29 Climate Change Conference

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 140
*Revisiting the Milky Way's Black Hole Image
A new study questions the accuracy of the first-ever image of Sagittarius A, the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way. Researchers suggest the image may not accurately represent its appearance, proposing a more elongated accretion disc instead of the ring-like structure previously released by the Event Horizon Telescope.
*Methane in Titan's Crust
Data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft indicates that Saturn's moon Titan may have a methane-rich crust up to 10 kilometres thick. This insulating layer could explain Titan's shallow impact craters and its methane-rich atmosphere, providing insights into its unique geological and atmospheric dynamics.
*Updates on Earth's Ozone Hole
NASA reports that the annual ozone hole over Antarctica was smaller this year, ranking as the seventh smallest since recovery efforts began. The ozone layer is on track to fully recover by 2066, thanks to international agreements curbing ozone-depleting chemicals.
The Science Report
Antarctic ice core samples suggest Earth has already surpassed a 1.5°C global temperature rise due to human-induced climate change. A study links outdoor lighting at night to increased Alzheimer's risk for those under 65. LED lights on surfboards could reduce shark attacks by mimicking natural camouflage. Nord's latest survey reveals continued use of weak passwords, with "123456" and "password" among the most common.
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00:00 New study suggests first ever picture of Milky Way's black hole might not be accurate
00:47 New study claims first ever images of Sagittarius A may be inaccurate
03:57 New study suggests Saturn's moon Titan may have an insulating methane crust
09:12 Scientists say Antarctic ozone layer could fully recover by 2066
20:04 New study suggests Earth has already passed 1.5 degrees Celsius warming attributable to climate change
21:24 A new study claims exposure to outdoor lighting at night increases Alzheimer's risk
25:29 Space Time with Stuart Gary is available on numerous podcast platforms

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 139
*Gilmore Space Cleared for Orbital Launch
The Australian Space Agency has granted Gilmore Space the final approval needed to conduct its maiden orbital test flight of the Ares rocket from the Bowen Spaceport in North Queensland. This launch will mark the first orbital test flight of an Australian-made rocket from Australian soil, showcasing a new hybrid propulsion system developed by the company.
*Discovery of Red Monster Galaxies in the Early Universe
Astronomers have identified three ultra-massive galaxies, each nearly the size of the Milky Way, that reached their colossal size within the first billion years of the universe's existence. These findings, reported in Nature, challenge existing models of galaxy formation and suggest a more efficient star formation process in the early universe.
*Signs of an Ancient Martian Ocean
China's Mars rover, Zhurong, may have found evidence supporting the theory that Mars' northern hemisphere was once covered by a vast ocean. The terrain around Zhurong's landing site includes features that could indicate past water or ice activity, suggesting a Martian ocean existed billions of years ago.
The Science Robert
Archaeologists in Israel have uncovered 12,000-year-old pebbles that may be precursors to the wheel, potentially pivotal in the evolution of rotating technologies. Meanwhile, the COP 29 climate summit highlights the ongoing rise in fossil emissions, with China remaining the largest polluter. Additionally, a study finds that frequent snoring in tweens is linked to behavioural issues, and a lack of conceptual clarity may explain beliefs in the paranormal.
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00:00 This is space Time Series 27 Episode 139 for broadcast on 18 November 2024
00:46 Australian Space Agency gives final approval for Gilmore Space to launch Ares rocket
02:31 ERIS is a three stage orbital launch vehicle powered by hybrid rocket engines
08:49 Gilmore is developing a rocket called ERIS which will go into orbit
12:42 Gilmore Space Technologies have plans to launch an ERIS satellite from Bowen
15:39 Three ultra massive galaxies discovered by NASA's Webb Space Telescope
23:39 Ancient pebbles from Israel may have paved way for wheel invention
24:42 New study finds teens who frequently snore more likely to have behavioural problems
✍️ Episode References
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
[Event Horizon Telescope](https://eventhorizontelescope.org/)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
[NAOJ](https://www.nao.ac.jp/en/)
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
[MNRAS](https://academic.oup.com/mnras)
NASA Cassini Mission
[Cassini Mission](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html)
Planetary Science Journal

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 138
*Discovery of the Outer Solar System's Magnetic Field
Scientists have discovered evidence of an ancient magnetic field at the far reaches of our solar system. Research published in AGU Advances, based on 4.6 billion-year-old grain samples from the asteroid Richie, suggests the presence of a weak magnetic field during the formation of the outer solar system. This field, although weak, could have been instrumental in the formation of the outer planets, including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The findings provide new insights into the magnetic influences shaping our solar system.
*Southern Launch Gets Green Light for Orbital Missions
Southern Launch has received federal and state government approval for its Whalers Way orbital launch complex in South Australia. The site is poised to support up to 42 orbital rocket launches annually, with plans for multiple launch pads and comprehensive tracking facilities. This development marks a significant step forward for Australia's growing Space industry.
*Axiom Unveils New Lunar Spacesuits for NASA
Axiom Space has revealed the new spacesuits for NASA's Artemis 3 mission, set for a lunar landing in 2026. Designed to withstand the harsh lunar environment, these suits feature improved mobility and dust resistance. The new design includes interchangeable segments to accommodate various body types, reflecting advancements in spacesuit technology since the Apollo era.
The Science Robert
A study has identified a decline in low-pressure weather systems, crucial for rainfall in southern Australia, since the mid-20th century. Meanwhile, the largest study of brain volume to date has found genetic links between ADHD and Parkinson's disease. In wildlife news, taming wild elephant calves has been shown to increase stress levels, potentially affecting their health. Finally, the paranormal world is abuzz with sightings of Robin Hood's ghost in Sherwood Forest, though sceptics remain unconvinced.
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00:00 Scientists uncover an ancient magnetic field at the outer edge of the solar system
08:09 Axiom Space has unveiled the new lunar spacesuits NASA plans to use
13:50 Low pressure weather systems driving southern Australia's rainfall have declined over decades
16:19 Reports in England that Robin Hood has been seen haunting Sherwood Forest

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 137
*The Earth: A Giant Slushie?
New research reveals that Earth once experienced a "slushy" period following its snowball Earth phase. Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study by Virginia Tech scientists suggests that as the planet thawed, it transitioned into a slushy state, marked by high carbon dioxide levels and rapid melting. The findings offer fresh insights into Earth's climate evolution and the resilience of life under extreme conditions.
*Phobos Eclipses the Sun
NASA's Mars Perseverance rover has captured a rare celestial event: the Martian moon Phobos eclipsing the Sun. Using its Mastcam-Z camera, Perseverance observed the tiny moon transiting the Sun from its position in Jezero Crater. This remarkable event highlights the ongoing challenges and discoveries as the rover ascends the crater's rim.
*SpaceX Dragon Boosts ISS
For the first time, NASA has utilized the SpaceX Dragon capsule to boost the International Space Station into a higher orbit. This maneuver, using Dragon's Draco thrusters, is part of a broader strategy to maintain the station's altitude and test future deorbit capabilities. The mission also delivered over 2,700 kg of supplies and scientific equipment, including a wooden cubesat and human tissue samples for aging research.
The Science Report
A new study attributes last year's global temperature spike primarily to El Nino, rather than climate change. Meanwhile, scientists discover a 161-million-year-old giant tadpole fossil, shedding light on the evolution of frogs and toads. Additionally, research indicates that popular music in the US has become simpler since the 1950s. Plus, global cell phone sales show regional variations post-COVID, with notable growth in the US, Europe, and Australia.
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00:00 This is space Time Series 27, episode 137 for broadcast on 13 November 2024
00:47 New research suggests that as the planet thawed, it went slushy
04:46 NASA's Mars Perseverance rover captures rare Phobos eclipse of the Sun
07:15 NASA uses SpaceX Dragon cargo ship to boost International Space Station to higher altitude
14:38 Study says El Nino Southern Oscillation caused global temperatures spike last year
16:55 Scientists in South America have discovered the fossilized remains of a 161 million year old tadpole
18:33 New figures show that global cell phone sales dropped following the COVID pandemic

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 136
*Discovering the Origins of Magnetars
A groundbreaking study reveals that magnetars, highly magnetic neutron stars, are born from stellar mergers rather than single star supernova events. These findings, published in Nature, delve into the origins of fast radio bursts (FRBs), which are high-energy flashes releasing more energy in nanoseconds than half a billion suns. The research indicates that FRBs are more common in massive star-forming galaxies, suggesting a link to magnetars formed from stellar mergers. This discovery challenges previous assumptions about magnetar formation and sheds light on the dynamic processes in the universe.
*Voyager 1 Approaches One Light Day from Earth
NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft is set to become the first human-made object to travel more than a light day's distance from Earth, a monumental 26 billion kilometers away. This historic milestone is expected in January 2027. Despite recent communication challenges due to a fault protection system glitch, engineers successfully reestablished contact. Voyager 1 and its twin, Voyager 2, continue their journey through interstellar space, providing invaluable data about the cosmos.
*Australia Axes Vital Military Satellite Defense System
In a surprising move, the Australian government has canceled a crucial $7 billion satellite defense project. The JP9102 military satellite communications system, awarded to Lockheed Martin, was intended to enhance Australia's military communications amid growing regional tensions. The decision, amid geopolitical challenges, raises concerns about Australia's defense capabilities and secure communications network.
The Science Robert
A study highlights the significant carbon footprint of private jet users, who generate 500 times more CO2 than the average person. Meanwhile, research identifies 22 pesticides linked to prostate cancer, and a systematic review confirms no link between cell phone use and brain cancer. Plus, a fascinating look at how animals in the wild might consume alcohol from fermented fruits.
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00:00 This is space Time Series 27, Episode 136 for broadcast on Remembrance Day
00:46 New study suggests highly magnetic neutron stars are born out of stellar mergers
05:06 NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft lost contact with mission managers on October 18
15:10 Australian government has just axed a crucial $7 billion satellite defense project
17:38 A new study has identified 22 pesticides consistently linked to the incidence of prostate cancer
20:53 A new systematic review confirms there is no scientific evidence that cell phones cause cancer
✍️ Episode References
NASA
[https://www.nasa.gov/](https://www.nasa.gov/)
Caltech
[https://www.caltech.edu/](https://www.caltech.edu/)
Deep Synoptic Array

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 135
*Could Uranus Moon Miranda Have a Subsurface Ocean?
A new study suggests that Uranus' moon Miranda may harbour a liquid water ocean beneath its peculiar jigsaw-like surface. The findings, published in the Planetary Science Journal, challenge existing assumptions about Miranda's history and composition, potentially placing it among the select few worlds in our solar system with environments that could support life. The study highlights the intriguing possibility of a vast ocean beneath Miranda's icy crust, kept warm by gravitational tidal forces.
*NASA Discovers Weird Red Rocks with Green Spots on Mars
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has stumbled upon strange red rocks with green spots on the Martian surface. As the rover continues its journey towards the rim of Jezero Crater, it has uncovered a new geological puzzle featuring red and green rocks. Scientists are intrigued by the green spots, which could suggest past water activity, but their exact composition remains a mystery due to the rover's current limitations.
*First Humans on Mars by 2035?
NASA is planning to send humans to Mars as early as 2035. The mission would be part of the Artemis programme, with a journey that could take up to 14 months, including a 500-day stay on the Martian surface. This ambitious plan hinges on the successful deployment of the Lunar Gateway Space Station and other key technologies.
The Science Report
New research finds that children exposed to cannabis in the womb are more likely to exhibit behavioural issues. Meanwhile, ancient DNA studies reveal two genetically distinct populations north and south of the Caucasus Mountains, and a study links Airbnbs to increased crime rates. Plus, a fact-based conversation with AI might help some conspiracy theorists reconsider their beliefs.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 134
*Perseverance's Uphill Struggle in Jezero Crater
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover faces challenges as it attempts to climb the steep and slippery ridgeline of Jezero Crater. Despite its previous experience with steep inclines, this mission marks the first time the rover has tackled such a challenging combination of slope and surface. Engineers are exploring new strategies, including driving backwards and zigzagging, to improve traction. The goal is to reach the crater's rim for valuable scientific exploration, with plans to study potential microbial life signs preserved in ancient rock layers.
*ESA's Ramses Mission to Apophis
The European Space Agency is preparing for its Ramses mission to study the asteroid Apophis as it makes a close flyby of Earth in 2029. This rare event offers a unique opportunity to understand Apophis's composition and reaction to gravitational forces, crucial for future planetary defence strategies. The mission is modelled on the HERA spacecraft, and aims to launch by 2028 to reach Apophis in time.
*Shenzhou 19 Docks with China's Space Station
China's Shenzhou 19 spacecraft has successfully docked with the Tiangong Space Station. The crew will conduct experiments, including tests on manufacturing lunar bricks, as part of China's goal to land taikonauts on the Moon by 2030. The mission highlights China's expanding space ambitions and technological advancements.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 133
*Earth's Mantle: Two Distinct Domains Revealed
Groundbreaking research has unveiled that the Earth's mantle is composed of two distinct and separate types of materials, forming independent African and Pacific domains. This discovery, published in Nature Geoscience, challenges previous assumptions of a chemically uniform mantle. The study highlights how these domains have been shaped by the formation and breakup of supercontinents over the past 700 million years, revealing the Earth has two chemically distinct hemispheres.
*China's Ambitious Lunar Plans
China is accelerating its space ambitions, aiming to send its first taikonauts to the moon by 2030. The China Manned Space Agency plans to use its new Long March 10 rocket to transport taikonauts and a lunar lander to the moon's surface. This mission marks a significant step in China's lunar exploration, with plans to establish a joint base with Russia on the lunar surface by the early 2030s.
*NASA's SpaceX Crew 8 Returns to Earth
After a seven-month mission aboard the International Space Station, NASA's SpaceX Crew 8 has safely returned to Earth. During their mission, the crew conducted over 200 scientific investigations, including studies on space-based manufacturing, gene editing in Space environments, and plant growth in high radiation settings. These experiments aim to advance our understanding of long-duration Space missions and their potential applications.
The Science Report
Australia's climate continues to change with more extreme heat events and extended fire seasons. The latest State of the Climate Report highlights ongoing shifts in weather patterns, rising sea levels, and increasing temperatures. Meanwhile, a new study suggests vitamin K2 could help reduce night-time leg cramps, and the Australian Defence Force receives new Black Hawk helicopters amidst regional tensions.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 132
*Could Betelgeuse Actually Be Two Stars?
A new study raises the intriguing possibility that the red supergiant Betelgeuse may not be on the brink of supernova, as previously thought. Instead, it might be a binary star system. This revelation, reported in the Astrophysical Journal, suggests that an unseen companion star could be causing Betelgeuse's pulsing brightness, challenging the long-held belief of its impending explosion.
*Richard Branson to Co-Pilot Space Perspective's First Manned Balloon Flight
Virgin Group founder Richard Branson is set to co-pilot Space Perspective's first manned stratospheric balloon flight. The flight promises a gentle ascent to 100,000 feet, offering panoramic views of Earth without the high G-forces of traditional Space tourism, marking a new era in high-altitude experiences.
*Australia's Ambitious Spaceport Plans
Despite not launching an orbital mission in over 50 years, Australia is gearing up to expand its spaceport capabilities. Proposals for new spaceports in Western Australia and Queensland are on the table, aiming to position Australia as a key player in the global Space industry.
Skywatch: November Night Skies
Explore the November night skies with highlights including the Andromeda Galaxy, the Crab Nebula, and three meteor showers. Discover the celestial wonders visible this month and the fascinating stories behind them.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 131
*Ultra High Energy Gamma Rays Detected in the Milky Way's Core
Scientists have detected ultra high energy gamma rays emanating from the centre of the Milky Way. This discovery, reported in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, offers a new perspective on the violent phenomena occurring in the galactic core. Using the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory in Mexico, researchers measured these gamma rays at over 100 tera electron volts, providing insights into the cosmic processes involving Sagittarius A, the galaxy's central supermassive black hole.
*Discovery of a Potential Triple Black Hole System
Astronomers have identified what may be the first triple black hole system, located 8,000 light years away. This discovery could be the first direct evidence of gentle black hole formation, challenging the typical violent supernova origin theory. The system includes a central black hole, a closely orbiting star, and a far-off companion star, suggesting a more subtle formation process known as direct collapse.
*NASA's New Deployable Solar Array System Faces Challenges
NASA has encountered issues with its new deployable solar array and antenna system on the Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator 4 spacecraft. The lightweight integrated solar array and antenna system, designed to enhance power and communication capabilities, is not deploying correctly due to a bent boom. This technology aims to support future deep Space missions with improved efficiency.
The Science Robert
A recent study reveals that standing, as opposed to sitting, does not improve cardiovascular health, despite the popularity of standing desks. Fossilised remains of a new giant elephant species have been found in India's Kashmir Valley, shedding light on elephant evolution. AI-assisted colonoscopies show a slight improvement in polyp detection. Meanwhile, Apple releases its first AI update, focusing on privacy and user data protection.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 130
*Epoch of Reionization: New Insights from Webb
A groundbreaking study suggests the epoch of reionization, a pivotal era in the universe's early evolution, may have occurred 350 million years earlier than previously believed. Utilising data from the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have uncovered a greater abundance of extreme ultraviolet emitting galaxies, challenging established models. This revelation might imply that the cosmic microwave background radiation and the Lyman alpha forest should appear different, posing a conundrum for scientists and opening new avenues for understanding the universe's history.
*NASA's DaVinci Mission Prepares for Venus
NASA's upcoming DaVinci mission aims to explore Venus's enigmatic Alpha Regio, a mountainous region shrouded in mystery. The mission, set for the early 2030s, will delve into whether Venus once harboured oceans and continents, akin to Earth. By reanalysing old data and employing modern techniques, scientists have enhanced the resolution of Venus's topography, offering fresh insights into its geological features and potential volcanic activity. DaVinci's descent probe will capture unprecedented high-resolution images, potentially revealing new details about Venus's surface.
*China's First Reusable Satellite Test
China has successfully tested its first reusable satellite, the SHY119, launched aboard a Long March 2D rocket. Recovered after 13.5 days, the mission included various payloads, such as plant seeds and technology demonstration devices. This achievement marks a significant milestone in China's Space exploration efforts, showcasing advancements in reusable satellite technology.
The Science Robert
A study links hearing loss in older age to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, with effective management through hearing aids potentially mitigating this risk. In the South Australian outback, palaeontologists have discovered one of Earth's earliest life forms, dating back 550 million years. Meanwhile, a new study warns that up to 33% of frog and toad habitats could become arid by the century's end due to climate change. Additionally, a Gallup poll reveals a significant drop in support for childhood vaccinations in the US, raising concerns about herd immunity.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 129
*First Evidence of a Volcanic Splatocone on Mars
Scientists have identified what appears to be the first evidence of a volcanic splatter cone on Mars, similar to those found on Earth. This discovery, led by Ian Flynn from the University of Idaho, sheds light on the volcanic processes of the red planet. The presence of splatter cones, which form under specific conditions, provides new insights into Martian volcanology and the dynamics of volcanic eruptions.
*Volcanic Moon Around a Distant Exoplanet?
A new study suggests the presence of a volcanic exomoon orbiting the exoplanet WASP 49 b, located 635 light years away. The discovery is based on a sodium cloud detected near the planet, resembling the volcanic activity seen on Jupiter's moon Io. This potential exomoon could offer a new perspective on moons outside our solar system, although further observations are needed to confirm its existence.
*Sun Reaches Solar Maximum
The sun has reached the solar maximum of its 11-year cycle, marking a peak in solar activity. This period is characterised by increased sunspots and Space weather events, impacting satellites, communication systems, and power grids on Earth. NASA's Parker Solar Probe is set to make its closest approach to the sun, providing valuable data to understand solar weather at its source.
The Science Robert
A new study finds that the rise in human life expectancy is slowing down. Research reveals that even low-risk alcohol consumption is linked to higher mortality in older adults with health or socioeconomic risk factors. Thawing permafrost may accelerate Arctic riverbank erosion, and Australia's proposed misinformation bill raises concerns about freedom of speech and censorship.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 128
*Dating the Moon's Oldest Impact Crater
Scientists have pinpointed the edge of the massive South Pole-Aitken Basin, the largest and oldest known impact crater on the Moon, dating it to over 4.32 billion years old. By analysing a lunar meteorite, researchers have concluded that this impact site is around 120 million years earlier than the previously believed intense period of impact bombardment. These findings provide a clearer picture of the Moon's early impact history and have implications for understanding Earth's early conditions.
*Recreating the Sound of Earth's Magnetic Polar Flip
With evidence suggesting that Earth's magnetic poles are about to flip, scientists have recreated what they believe could be the sound of this event. Earth's magnetic field, vital for life, is generated by the planet's molten outer core. The recreated soundscape provides an audio insight into the geomagnetic reversals, which occur roughly every 250,000 years, with the last flip occurring 770,000 years ago.
*X-37B Space Shuttle's Pioneering Aero Braking Manoeuvre
The United States Space Force's X-37B Space shuttle has completed a novel aero braking manoeuvre to adjust its orbital flight path. This technique allows the spacecraft to safely eject service module components, preventing them from becoming Space junk. The operation marks a first for the X-37B, which continues its classified missions involving radiation experiments and space domain awareness technology testing.
The Science Report
A new study indicates an increase in deaths following extreme rain events, with heart-related and respiratory deaths notably rising. A review highlights the health benefits of a Mediterranean diet for young people, linked to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Engineers have developed energy-efficient bricks using waste materials, offering potential cost savings and reduced environmental impact. Concerns grow over data privacy as consumer advocacy groups reveal the extent of data collection by car manufacturers.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 127
*SpaceX's Starship's Fifth Test Flight Success
SpaceX's Starship has completed its fifth test flight with a spectacular feat of engineering, successfully catching the super heavy booster with mechanical chopsticks on the launch pad tower. The booster, equipped with 33 Raptor engines, returned to Earth after a successful launch from SpaceX's Starbase in Texas, showcasing the potential for rapid reuse and interplanetary missions. The test flight marks a significant step towards developing Starship for NASA's Artemis III mission, aiming for a manned moon landing in 2026.
*Origins of Earth's Meteorites Uncovered
A new study reveals that most meteorites reaching Earth originate from just three major asteroid breakup events. The findings, published in Astronomy and Astrophysics and Nature, identify the Karin, Koronis, and Massalia asteroid families as the sources of 70% of meteorite falls. These discoveries enhance our understanding of asteroid collisions in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter and help trace the origins of over 90% of meteorites on Earth.
*NASA's Europa Clipper Mission Launches
NASA's Europa Clipper mission has embarked on its journey to explore Jupiter's icy moon Europa. Launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket, the spacecraft will investigate Europa's subsurface ocean and potential habitability. The mission will conduct 49 flybys, using its suite of scientific instruments to study the moon's icy shell, composition, and geology. Europa Clipper aims to determine if conditions on Europa could support life, building on data from NASA's Galileo mission.
The Science Robert
New research indicates that high temperatures and air pollution are contributing to a global increase in stroke cases, with significant rises in stroke-related deaths since 1990. A study warns that the H5N1 bird flu virus is spreading in the US through dairy cows, primarily via udder infections during milking. Additionally, a report suggests that teenage relationships influence life satisfaction in adulthood, highlighting the importance of social acceptance and close friendships during adolescence. Meanwhile, the Cancer Council of Western Australia faces scrutiny for promoting pseudoscientific therapies like Reiki and reflexology, raising concerns about their endorsement of unproven treatments.
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 126
*NASA's Parker Solar Probe Completes 21st Philip of the Sun
NASA's Parker Solar Probe has achieved its 21st close encounter with the Sun, matching its previous distance and speed records. The spacecraft swooped to within 7.26 million kilometers of the solar surface at a record speed of 635,300 km/h. This flyby sets up the probe for its final closest approaches, with its orbit shaped by a Venus gravity assist. The mission, launched in 2018, aims to study the Sun's corona and the solar wind, unraveling the mysteries of solar phenomena that impact the solar system.
*Webb Space Telescope Finds Potential Missing Link to First Stars
Astronomers using NASA's Webb Space Telescope have identified a galaxy with an unusual light signature that could be a missing link in galactic evolution. The galaxy, found approximately a billion years after the Big Bang, features gas outshining its stars, possibly due to massive, hot stars. This discovery offers insights into the transition from the universe's first stars to more familiar galaxies, providing a glimpse into the early cosmic environment.
*Perseverance Rover's Key Science Instrument Robert
NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars has regained the use of its critical Sherlock instrument after a six-month effort. The spectroscope, crucial for detecting organics and assessing habitability, had malfunctioned in January. The successful repair allows the rover to continue its mission of analyzing Martian rocks and soil for signs of past life and understanding the planet's geological history.
The Science Robert
A new study suggests that caffeine consumption may improve heart health by aiding vascular growth. Another study reveals increasing plant cover in Antarctica, linked to climate change. Research highlights how people often form opinions without sufficient information, contributing to conflicts. Lastly, a study confirms that astrologers perform no better than chance in predicting character or future events.
00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 126, for broadcast on 18 October 2024
00:00:30 - NASA's Parker solar probe completes 21st close encounter with the sun
00:03:08 - The Parker solar probe is touching the sun for the first time
00:08:32 - Galaxy with unusual light signature attributed to gas outshining stars
00:12:00 - NASA scientists have successfully brought a key science instrument back online on Mars
00:14:51 - A new study has shown that consuming more caffeine may improve your heart health
00:17:01 - New study shows people are biased to assume they know enough about situations
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 125
*Discovery of the Most Distant Spiral Galaxy
Astronomers have identified the most distant spiral galaxy ever seen, named REBELS 25. This galaxy, observed as it was 13.1 billion years ago, challenges current models of galaxy formation with its orderly spiral structure, despite being from an era when the universe was just 700 million years old. The discovery, made using the ALMA radio telescope in Chile, offers new insights into the early universe and the evolution of galaxies.
*Record-Breaking Mantle Rock Recovery
Scientists have achieved a groundbreaking recovery of rocks from Earth's mantle, the planet's largest component. The 1268-meter-long section of mantle rock, retrieved from the Atlantic's mid-ocean ridge, provides new insights into the mantle's role in Earth's geological processes. The findings, published in Science, reveal unexpected levels of melting and composition, offering clues to the origins of life and volcanic activity.
*Launch of ESA's Hera Asteroid Mission
The European Space Agency's Hera mission has launched from Cape Canaveral, just ahead of Hurricane Milton. Hera will conduct a detailed study of the Didymos asteroid system, following NASA's successful Dart mission. The mission aims to enhance our understanding of asteroid deflection techniques, which could be crucial for planetary defense.
The Science Report
A new, highly transmissible Covid-19 variant, XEC, has been detected in Australia. The variant, a recombinant of two Omicron subvariants, is spreading rapidly and has been reported in 29 countries.
A consumer advocacy group reveals that car manufacturers are collecting and sharing extensive data from vehicles, raising privacy concerns.
A study finds that deactivating Facebook can improve well-being but may reduce political knowledge.
AMD's new AI chips set new standards for processing speed, outperforming competitors with their advanced capabilities.
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00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 125 for broadcast on the 16 October 2024
00:00:47 - Astronomers have discovered the most distant spiral galaxy ever seen
00:03:14 - Scientists have recovered long section of rocks that originated in the Earths mantle
00:11:26 - NASA spacecraft to study asteroid Dimorphos and its tiny moon Didymos
00:13:56 - More than 35,000 asteroids pose a threat to Earth
00:18:45 - Hera will take two years to reach the asteroid system after launch
00:24:32 - New highly transmissible variant of the Covid-19 virus has been detected in Australia
00:27:29 - New study finds deactivating Facebook accounts reduces political knowledge
00:31:05 -  spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday through various podcasting platforms

SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 124
*Galaxies: Bigger Than We Ever Imagined
Recent findings suggest that galaxies are far larger than previously thought, with gaseous halos extending much further into intergalactic space. This study, published in Nature Astronomy, focuses on the circumgalactic medium of a starburst galaxy 270 million light-years away. These halos, accounting for about 70% of a galaxy's mass excluding dark matter, may already be interacting with neighboring galaxies like Andromeda and the Milky Way. The research offers fresh insights into galaxy evolution, gas cycling, and the cosmic web.
*Ancient Microbes Found in Billion-Year-Old Rocks
Scientists have discovered living microbes in 2 billion-year-old rocks from South Africa's Bushveld Igneous Complex. This groundbreaking find, published in Microbial Ecology, represents the oldest known living microorganisms. The study utilized advanced imaging techniques to confirm the microbes were native to the ancient rock, offering a glimpse into early life on Earth and potential clues for extraterrestrial life on Mars.
*Vulcan Centaur Rocket's Successful Launch
The United Launch Alliance's new Vulcan Centaur rocket overcame a faulty booster to successfully place its payload into orbit. Despite the anomaly, the mission proceeded from Cape Canaveral, marking an important step towards using Vulcan for high-priority payloads. This launch follows Vulcan's maiden voyage and highlights the transition from older Atlas V and Delta IV rockets.
The Science Report
00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 124 for broadcast on the 14 October 2024
00:00:48 - New study finds that galaxies are much larger than previously thought
00:06:25 - Galaxy is 270 million light years away and is a star bursting galaxy
00:17:18 - United Launch Alliance's Vulcan rocket has overcome a faulty strap on booster
00:22:12 - The 2024 Nobel Prizes for Science were awarded this week
00:24:56 - A new study finds two diametrically opposed personalities enjoy magic the most
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 123
*Discovery of a New Region within the Earth's Core
Scientists have uncovered a doughnut-shaped region within Earth's molten liquid outer core, located at low latitudes parallel to the equator. This torus-like zone was detected due to seismic waves travelling slower through this area compared to the rest of the liquid outer core. The discovery, published in Science Advances, suggests that this region could be several hundred kilometres thick and contains a high concentration of light chemical elements, which may be affecting the seismic wave speeds. The findings provide new insights into the Earth's magnetic field and its potential future changes.
*Fresh Questions about the True Origins of the Earth's Moon
A new hypothesis challenges the widely accepted giant impact theory of the Moon's formation. The study proposes that the Moon was captured during a close encounter between the young Earth and a separate terrestrial binary planetary system. This theory could explain the Moon's current orbital plane, more aligned with the sun's ecliptic than Earth's equator. The study opens the door to further exploration of the Moon's origins, especially considering its chemical similarities to Earth.
*New Study Reveals More Secrets about Pluto's Binary Partner, Charon
NASA's Webb Space Telescope has revealed that Charon, Pluto's binary partner, has significant reserves of carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on its surface. The carbon dioxide ice forms a thin veneer over a water ice-rich subsurface. The study, published in Nature Communications, suggests that the carbon dioxide was likely stored beneath the surface until exposed by impacts, while hydrogen peroxide results from radiation breaking apart water ice. These findings add to the understanding of Charon's chemical composition and its geological history.
00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 123 for broadcast on 11 October 2024
00:00:46 - Scientists have detected a new doughnut shaped region within the Earth's molten liquid core
00:12:31 - A new study has come up with a different hypothesis to explain the origin of the moon
00:17:46 - NASA's Webb Space Telescope reveals vast reserves of carbon dioxide on Pluto's surface
00:21:19 - People with type two diabetes who sleep short may develop microvascular disease
00:24:23 - Movie producers claim they've accidentally captured footage of a lake monster
00:27:23 - Spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through various podcasting platforms
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 122
*The Sun's Most Powerful Solar Flare in Over a Decade
The Sun has unleashed its most powerful solar flare in more than a decade, with a spectacular X9.1 class event. This massive solar flare, part of a pair that erupted just two days apart, was detected by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory. The event sparked strong G3 class geomagnetic storms, causing auroral activity to reach mid-latitudes and triggering deep shortwave radio blackouts. Solar flares, like this one, can have significant impacts on Earth's atmosphere, communications, and power grids.
*Ceres: A Former Ocean World?
New research suggests that the dwarf planet Ceres may have once been an ocean world. The study, published in Nature Astronomy, indicates that Ceres has a dirty icy crust, suggesting a past filled with muddy oceans. Computer simulations reveal that the crust may contain up to 90% ice, challenging previous assumptions of a drier Ceres. The findings are based on data from NASA’s Dawn mission, which observed surface features like volcanoes and glaciers.
*NASA's Europa Clipper Mission
NASA’s Europa Clipper mission is set for launch to explore Jupiter's ice-covered moon, Europa. The mission aims to investigate the moon's potential for life, with a suite of nine scientific instruments on board. These tools will study Europa's icy crust, subsurface ocean, and surface composition. The spacecraft will perform 49 flybys of Europa, gathering data to help scientists understand the moon’s habitability and its potential for hosting life.
00:00:00 - The sun unleashes its most powerful solar flare in more than a decade
00:00:27 - The sun has just emitted its most powerful solar flare in more than a decade
00:04:35 - New study claims dwarf planet Ceres may once have been an ocean world
00:14:34 - NASA's Europa Clipper mission is looking for life on icy moon Europa
00:19:58 - New figures show 47,000 people suffered heat related deaths across Europe last year
00:22:33 - Microsoft will release a new update for Windows 11 next month with AI features
00:25:46 - Outlook reminds you you haven't added your attachment yet
00:26:56 - Spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through various podcast providers
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SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 121
*A New Planet Discovered Orbiting Barnard's Star
Astronomers have discovered a new exoplanet orbiting Barnard's Star, the closest single star to the Sun. This newly found planet, Barnard b, has about half the mass of Earth and completes an orbit around its host star every three Earth days. Located 5.96 light-years away, Barnard's Star is a small red dwarf in the constellation Ophiuchus. The discovery was made using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope and has sparked interest due to its low mass and proximity to its star. The study also hints at the existence of three more potential exoplanets in the system, although additional observations are needed for confirmation.
*ESA's Hera Mission Launch
The European Space Agency's Hera mission is set to launch, aimed at exploring the aftermath of NASA's DART mission impact on the asteroid Dimorphos. The mission will provide detailed analysis of the impact site and the asteroid's composition, mass, and structural changes. Hera will also deploy two cubesats, Milani and Juventus, to perform close-up observations and experiments. The mission is crucial for understanding how to protect Earth from potential asteroid threats in the future.
*Spectacular Annular Solar Eclipse
A stunning annular solar eclipse, known as a "ring of fire," has been witnessed by people across the eastern and southern Pacific, as well as parts of South America. The eclipse, which occurs when the Moon is slightly further from Earth, left a bright ring of sunlight visible around the Moon's silhouette. The event was best viewed from Easter Island and parts of Argentina and Chile, with partial views seen in other regions including Bolivia, Peru, and New Zealand.
00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 121, for broadcasts on 7 October 2024
00:00:47 - Astronomers have discovered a planet orbiting Barnard star, the closest single
00:04:48 - European Space Agency's Hera planetary defence mission slated for launch today
00:08:40 - NASA's Dart spacecraft crashed into the dimorphos asteroid in 2022
00:12:11 - The people of the east and South Pacific and South America witnessed an annual solar eclipse
00:14:07 - Scientists have developed a new drug delivery system for type two diabetes
00:17:02 - Women are turning to psychics to find out if their husbands are cheating
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
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