This Week in Neuroscience

TWiN explains the finding that activation of intracellular, not plasma membrane, serotonin 2A receptors is responsible for the plasticity-promoting and antidepressant-like properties of psychedelic compounds.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Vivianne Morrison, and Tim Cheung

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• Psychedelics rewire the brain from within (Science)
• Psychedelics elicit their effects by Gi signaling (Nature)
• History of LSD (Wikipedia)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains the role of a ubiquitin ligase component in regulating the sheathing of multiple axons by Schwann cells.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Vivianne Morrison, and Tim Cheung

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• Gut microbiome promotes pain in fibromyalgia (Neuron)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains a study which showed that transplanting gut microbiota from women with fibromyalgia into mice induces pain, as well as phenotypes commonly observed in patients, such as immune activation, metabolomic changes, and reduced skin innervation.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Vivianne Morrison, and Tim Cheung

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• Gut microbiome promotes pain in fibromyalgia (Neuron)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explores the use of speech brain-computer interfaces to restore communication to people with paralysis, and reveals strategies for protecting private inner speech.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Vivianne Morrison, and Tim Cheung

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• Keeping private inner speech from brain-computer interfaces (Cell)
• Mind-reading brain implant with password protection (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explores how theta phase shifts mediate contextual perception of facial expressions during everyday social interactions.

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• Neural computations underlying contextual processing in humans (Cell Rep)
• Previous experience shapes perception (Front Human Neurosci)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN reviews the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of overeating and obesity, the role of the hypothalamus and reward systems in controlling food intake and energy balance, and how dysregulation in these systems leads to overeating.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Vivianne Morrison, and Tim Cheung

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• Neurobiology of overeating (Neuron)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains epidemiological data showing that exposure to air pollution was associated with an increased risk of developing Lewy body dementia, and nasal administration of air pollution in mice led to brain atrophy and impaired cognition and motor function.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Vivianne Morrison, and Tim Cheung

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• Links between air pollution and dementias (Science)
• Letter from Susan Schneider Williams Widow of Robin Williams (Lewy Body Dementia UK)
• Awakenings (Wikipedia)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains how visual neurons show functional flexibility by selectively responding to subsets of inputs representing attended objects while ignoring those conveying information about irrelevant objects.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Vivianne Morrison, and Tim Cheung

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• Gamma-band synchronization in visual cortex (Nat Comm)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN discusses research showing that Lactobacillus acidophilus promotes cognitive function recovery after cerebral ischemia, by regulating microglial peroxisomal function.

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• Arc is pdb molecule of the month (PDB)
• Probiotics after stroke (Cell Host Microbe)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains research which identifies the regions of the brain that register a long-lasting aversion to potentially poisonous food even with meal to illness delays of several days.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, and Tim Cheung

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• A neural mechanism for post-ingestion feedback (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN reveals that proteins travel from the blood to the brain where they are taken up by microglia, revealing a new mode of communication between the brain and the periphery.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Tim Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Circulatory proteins taken up by brain microglia (bioRxiv)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN discusses experiments which show that high-fidelity memories that lose their precision with time depends on reorganization of hippocampal circuitry.

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• Loss of precision memory and the hippocampus (Nature)
• Changes in hippocampi of cab drivers (PNAS)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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Tim explains AI co-scientist, a tool released by Google, which it hopes to help scientists generate hypotheses and research proposals, and to accelerate the speed of scientific and biomedical discoveries.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Tim Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• AI cracks superbug problem (BBC)
• Accelerating scientific breakthroughs (Google Research)
• Towards an AI co-scientist (arXiv)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains a study showing that when a mouse is confronted with an unconscious conspecific, it engages in behavior including tongue-dragging to resuscitate the animal via a tongue-brain connection.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Tim Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Tongue-dragging in mice (Sci Adv)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN discusses a study showing that repetitive injury reactivates HSV-1 in a human brain tissue model and induces phenotypes associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Tim Cheung

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• Repetitive injury, herpes, and Alzheimers (Sci Signal)
• The tau of herpesvirus (TWiV 1187)
• Fishing for viruses in senile (TWiV 519)
• Timestamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains a study showing that while groups of neurons, form the basis for memory, astrocytes are key components of the adaptive reponse to learning experiences, and regulate the flow of information during circuit plasticity and memory recall.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Tim Cheung

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• Write your Senator, oppose RFK Jr nomination
• Astrocytes and memory (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains the identification of a brain circuit and periodic branch-specific neurotransmitter deployment that regulates organismal adaptation to photoperiod change.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Tim Cheung

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• Brain circuit for photoperiod adaptation (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explores how pregnancy leads to modifications in brain structure and function that may prepare the mother for parenting.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Pregnancy transforms the brain (Nature)
• Hormone-mediated neural remodeling during pregnancy (Science)
• Effects of pregnancy on brain activity (Nature Comm)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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Joseph Paton and Felipe Rodrigues join TWiN to explain how they used temperature manipulation to alter the speed of neuronal dynamics in the dorsal striatum of rats, a manipulation that selectively slowed down or sped up time perception, illuminating the mechanisms of time-based decisions.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

Guest: Joseph J. Paton and Felipe Rodrigues

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• Using temperature to analyze the neural basis of a time-based decision (Nat Neurosci)
• Hot times for the dorsal striatum (Nat Neurosci)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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Mauro Costa-Mattioli returns to TWiN to discuss the results of a placebo controlled, double blind clinical trial of a probiotic which improved social behavior but not autism severity in children with ASD.

Hosts: Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

Guest: Mauro Costa-Mattioli

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• Probiotics for autism spectrum disorder (Cell Host Microbe)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN reviews altered somatosensory reactivity, which is frequently observed among individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and in mouse models the developmental timing of aberrant touch processing can predict the manifestation of ASD-associated behaviors in mouse models.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Mouse models of autism spectrum disorder (Nature Neuroscience)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN reviews experiments which show that SARS-CoV-2 triggers the up-regulation of synaptic components and perturbs local electrical field potential in cerebral organoids, organotypic culture of human brain explants and post-mortem brain samples from individuals with COVID-19.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• SARS-CoV-2 perturbs synaptic homeostasis (Nature Micro)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN welcomes mice to the elite club of 'self-aware' animals, with a study demonstrating a mirror-induced self-directed behavior in mice resembling visual self-recognition.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Mice are self-aware (Neuron)
• Mirror self-recognition in mice (Neuron)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN describes a study that reveals activation of endogenous retroviruses in oligodenroglia from patients with traumatic brain injury.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Timothy Cheung

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• Activation of endogenous retroviruses in TBI oligodendroglia (Cell Rep)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains an amazing study of a man who was paralyzed after a spinal cord injury and regained the ability to walk after implantation of a brain-spinal cord interface.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Timothy Cheung

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• Walking naturally after spinal cord injury (Nature)
• The paralyzed rat that walked (YouTube)
• Mike the headless chicken (Wikipedia)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains research showing that interaction between glioma cells and neurons in the brain shares mechanistic features with synaptic plasticity that contributes to memory and learning in the healthy brain.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Timothy Cheung

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• Glioma synapses recruit mechanisms of adaptive plasticity (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN discusses research showing that sciatic nerve activation with electroacupuncture at the sciatic nerve controls systemic inflammation and rescues mice from polymicrobial peritonitis, by inducing vagal activation of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, leading to the production of dopamine in the adrenal medulla.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Timothy Cheung

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• Electroacupuncture modulates the immune system (Nat Med)
• Electroacupuncture drives the vagal–adrenal axis (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN reviews a mouse model of ADHD to characterize hypersensitivity to pain, and that sensitization is further amplified in a pathological inflammatory state.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Timothy Cheung

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• Pain hypersensitivity in ADHD model (PNAS)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN discusses a study of on the pathways that control opioid analgesic tolerance, a root cause of opioid overdose and misuse, which can develop through an associative learning.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Timothy Cheung

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• Associative opioid analgesic tolerance (Sci Adv)
• Pavlovian-conditioned opioid tolerance (Sci Adv)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains how psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA, which are being explored for treating a wide range of neuropsychiatric diseases, reopen the social reward period for critical learning.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Timothy Cheung

Click arrow to play Download TWiN 042 (34 MB .mp3, 57 min) Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS

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• Psychedelic drugs open critical period (Nature)
• Psychedelics reopen critical periods (News-Med)
• LSD microdosing doesn't work (U Chicago Med)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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Vivianne explains how early in Alzheimer's disease, the brain attempts to counteract the increased excitatory drive caused by amyloid deposition, and that melanin-concentrating hormone, produced during sleep, is involved in this protective response.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Melanin-concentrating hormone and Alzheimer's disease (Nat Neurosci)
• Alzforum
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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Tim takes TWiN through two studies on the role of dopamine: that syllables are natural units of spontaneous behavior used by the brain to structure action, and that mesolimbic dopamine release conveys causal associations but not reward prediction errors, thereby challenging the dominant theory of reward learning.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Spontaneous behavior without explicit reward (Nature)
• Dopamine release conveys causal associations (Science)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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Junjie from Jason's lab joins TWiN to discuss the observation that the cell gene PNMA2 encodes non-enveloped virus-like capsids that induce autoantibodies which underlie paraneoplastic syndrome.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Junjie Xu

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• Virus-like capsids in paraneoplastic disease (bioRxiv)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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TWiN explains the finding that immunity to commensal bacteria promotes sensory neuron regeneration via the cytokine interleukin-17A.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Ori Lieberman, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Immunity to the microbiota promotes sensory neuron regeneration (Cell)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN reviews the field of microgial research, which has advanced in recent decades but is constrained by nomenclature that is necessary but often implies specific functions.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Microglia states and nomenclature (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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TWiN answers listener questions about Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma and the microbiota, Dravet's Syndrome, schizophrenia, brain development, and chips implanted in the human brain.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Letters read on TWiN 36
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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Jason and Tim review the use of an implanted chronic deep brain sensing and stimulation device to carry out biomarker-driven closed-loop therapy that resulted in a rapid and sustained improvement in depression.

Hosts: Jason Shepherd and Timothy Cheung

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• Closed-loop neuromodulation for depression (Nat Med)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains how central nervous system resident macrophages known as microglia coordinate cellular interactions during spinal cord repair in mice.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Microglia coordinate spinal cord repair (Nat Commun)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN describes how neurotropic viruses leave the brain via meningeal lymphatic vessels located dorsally and basally beneath the skull.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Ori Lieberman, Jason Shepherd, and Timothy Cheung

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• Meningeal lymph vessels and viral exit from brain (Nature Neuroscience)
• Clearing mouse brain video (YouTube)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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TWiN reviews how, in a mouse stroke model, recovery of movement is associated with the remaining cortex and the striatum coordinating their activity together.

Hosts: Ori Lieberman, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Recovery after stroke in mice (Cell Rep)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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TWiN explains the observation that in mice, the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 closes the temporal window for linking different memories.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• CCR5 and memory linking (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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TWiN describes experiments demonstrating that gut injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils in mice converts endogenous alpha-synuclein to a pathologic form that spreads to the brain and leads to features of Parkinson's disease.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Ori Lieberman, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Gut-brain alpha-synuclein transport in PD (Neuron)
• Gut has a mind of its own (Colbert Report)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Astrocytes close the critical period (Science)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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TWiN reveals how oligodendrocytes enhance axonal energy metabolism by transcellular delivery of a protein, SIRT2, that deacetylates mitochondrial proteins.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

Click arrow to play Download TWiN 028 (77 MB .mp3, 64 min) Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, RSS, email

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• Glia 101 (TWiN 19)
• Oligodendrocytes enhance axonal energy metabolism (Neuron)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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TWiN discusses the finding that rewiring retinal projections to the auditory thalamus in ferrets leads to visually responsive cells that are typical of cells in the visual cortex.

Hosts: Ori Lieberman, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Remapping retinal projections (Nature)
• Sweet vs bitter taste (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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• Memory of immunity (Cell)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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TWiN answers listener questions on sex in neuroscience studies, rotating memories in the brain, odorant receptors in the brain, and neutrophils that promote neuron survival.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Timothy Cheung

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• Males and females in neuroscience studies (New Scientist)
• Brain rotates memories (Quanta)
• Odorant receptors in brain (one, two)
• Neutrophils promote neuron survival (Nat Imm)
• Letters read on TWiN 25
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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Ioana and Robert join TWiN to discuss their work demonstrating that rodents acquire maternal behavior by social transmission from an experienced mother to a virgin female how to care for a litter via endogenous oxytocin.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Timothy Cheung

Guests: Ioana Carcea and Robert Froemke

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• Oxytocin neurons and social transmission of behavior (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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Bruce Carter joins TWiN to discuss the peripheral nervous system: the development of nerves that convey sensory information like touch from the tips of your toes to the brain, and Schwann cells, which are necessary for ensuring that those sensory signals are sustained as they travel long distances to the brain.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

Guest: Bruce Carter

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• Control of neuron survival by p75 (J Neurosci)
• Sympathetic nervous system (Nat Rev Neurosci)
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth and PMP22 protein (J Biol Chem)
• Satellite glial cells (Nat Rev Neurosci)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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TWiN explains how anti-DNA antibodies present in lupus patients bind to GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors, act as positive allosteric modulators, and impair spatial memory.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Ori Lieberman, Jason Shepherd, Timothy Cheung, and Vivianne Morrison

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• Lupus autoantibodies bind GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors (Nat Commun)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Music is by Ronald Jenkees

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