This Week in Virology

TWiV reveals all that we know so far about the variant of concern B.1.1.529, also called Omicron, and describes a study on the ability of the alpha, beta, and delta variants to reproduce in cells in culture and induce membrane fusion.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• Omicron genome changes (Covariants)
• Omicron shared changes with other variants (Covariants)
• Update on Omicron (WHO)
• Spike polymutant PMS20 (bioRxiv)
• Syncytium formation of variants of concern (EMBO J)
• Variants as super cell fusers (EMBO J)
• Letters read on TWiV 836
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – Immune Kathy – Elizabeth Lee Hazen and Rachel Fuller Brown, discoverers of nystatin oneand two Alan – Four Lost Cities by Analee Newitz Vincent – Deadly Choices by Paul Offit

Ryan – Ronny Jackson (one and two)

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews why children should be vaccinated against COVID-19, increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant compared to Alpha variant in vaccinated but not recovered individuals, and immune correlates of protection from the mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy trial.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Brianne Barker

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• COVID-19 vaccines for children (Science)
• Risk of infection with variants (medRxiv)
• Immune correlates of mRNA-1273 (Science)
• Letters read on TWiV 835
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Pee Wee Herman aka Paul Rubens Brianne – APOD: Pleiades Vincent – A History of Poliomyelitis by JR Paul

Richard – Let's talk about a familiar problem and a new tactic…. Sherri – Have the New Jab

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #90, Dr. Griffin covers FDA expansion for booster doses, 3 more at home antigen tests approved by FDA, immune correlates analysis of mRNA-1273 vaccine, risk for stillbirth, PROVENT prophylaxis trial results, fluvoxamine recommendations, advice on molnupiravir, automated text messaging service for monitoring illness, and long COVID-19 after vaccination and infection.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Expanded eligibility for booster doses (FDA)
• More rapid antigen tests approved (FDA)
• Immune correlates for mRNA-1273 (Science)
• Risk for still birth with and without COVID-19 (MMWR)
• PROVENT phase III prophylaxis trial (AstraZenica)
• Fluvoxamine guidelines (IDSA)
• COVID-OUT trial (Univ Minnesota)
• Monoclonal antibody treatment in vaccinated infected (J Inf Dis)
• Steroid use in non-oxygen requiring patients (QJM)
• Doxycycline trial (Lancet)
• Efficacy of inhaled ciclesonide (JAMA)
• Advise on use of molnupiravir (EMA)
• Text messaging for monitoring disease (Ann Int Med)
• Long COVID after vaccination and infection (Res Square)
• Ivermectin for West Nile virus (Medpage Today)
• Letters read on TWiV 834
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews Michael Worobey's dissection of the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, and the discovery that herpesviruses assimilate cellular kinesin to produce motorized virus particles.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Kathy Spindler

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• Early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan (Science)
• Herpesviruses assimilate kinesin (Nature)
• Letters read on TWiV 833
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Kathy – Power of poop Alan – Under the Sky We Make, by Kimberly Nicholas Vincent – Enzymatic amplification of beta-globing sequences

Paula – Reasons to be Cheerful and The Night Witches by Bruce Myles Grant – George Carlin – Germs, Immune System

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews the vials labeled smallpox that were not, re-emergence of enterovirus D68 in Europe, efficacy of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and cellular correlates of protection for an oral influenza virus vaccine.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Amy Rosenfeld

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• Smallpox vials contain vaccinia virus (6abc.com)
• European re-emergence of enterovirus D68 (Eurosurveill)
• Efficacy of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Lancet)
• Cellular correlates of protection for oral flu vaccine (Cell Host Micr)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Rodney Dangerfield Amy – Calder at MoMA Rich – 'Useless Specks of Dust' Turn Out to Be Building Blocks of All Vertebrate Genomes Vincent – Structure of small viruses

Charles – It is raining you lied to me Dave – A Whole New Ball Game

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In COVID-19 clinical update #89, Dr. Griffin reviews upcoming meeting on FDA emergency use authorization for molnupiravir, 25% of US cases in children, reinfection associates with presence of antibodies, national surveillance for acute flaccid myelitis in the US, and monoclonal antibody treatment of infection in vaccinated, high-risk individuals.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Scott Hammer on TWiV 52
• Meeting for molnupiravir EUA (FDA)
• SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associates with antibodies (Clinical Inf Dis)
• AFM surveillance in US (CDC)
• Monoclonal antibody treatment in high-risk patients (J Inf Dis)
• Letters read on TWiV 831
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV explains that a recent report suggesting that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein inhibits V(D)J recombination in vitro would not impact immunity after infection or vaccination, and describes the isolation of remdesivir resistant mutants in cells in culture, and the emergence of amino acid changes in the spike protein identical to those in variants of concern, in the absence of immune selection.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler

Click arrow to play Download TWiV 830 (67 MB .mp3, 112 min) Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email

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• Spike protein inhibition of V(D)J recombination in vitro (Viruses)
• Evolutionary predictability of SARS-CoV-2 (PLoS Path)
• Letters read on TWiV 830
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Kathy – When do we get back to normal? Maybe now. Rich – The Covid-19 Pandemic Alan – Yaupon Brothers American tea Vincent – Cracking the genetic code (and Niremberg's account)

Justin – Partisan vaccination Lisa – The Red Flag

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

A TWiV duo reviews how SARS-CoV-2 attacks the olfactory mucosa but spares the olfactory bulb, vaccination with BNT162b2 induces virus-specific stem cell memory T cells, and development of an oral protease inhibitor for the treatment of COVID-19.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Brianne Barker

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• How SARS-CoV-2 attacks olfactory mucosa (Cell)
• SARS-CoV-2-specific stem cell memory T cells after mRNA vaccine (Sci Immunol)
• Oral SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor (Science)
• Paxlovid phase 2/3 trial preliminary results (Pfizer)
• Letters read on TWiV 829
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – Coronavirus Neutralizing Antibodies and mRNA Vaccine Video Vincent – MHC restriction of cytotoxic T cell lysis (Nobel description)

Lisa – Shall Furnish Medicine Bistra – Saving the World by Julia Alvarez

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #88, Dr. Griffin covers vaccine protection among US veterans, absence of long COVID in vaccinated who are infected, single dose of REGEN-COV monoclonal antibody cocktail provides long term protection, and Pfizer protease inhibitor Paxlovid is 89% effective in preventing hospitalization or death.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Vaccine protection of US veterans (Science)
• Long term protection by REGEN-COV (Regeneron)
• Pfizer protease inhibitor Paxlovid phase 2/3 results (Pfizer)
• Letters read on TWiV 828
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Greg Zuckerman joins TWiV to discuss his book that explores the race to produce COVID-19 vaccines, with insights into the companies, scientists, and executives involved and the rivalries, ambitions, ego, and a desire to save the world.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler

Guest: Greg Zuckerman

Click arrow to play Download TWiV 824 (76 MB .mp3, 127 min) Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email

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• A Shot to Save the World (Hardcover, Kindle)
• Letters read on TWiV 827
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Michael Palin Kathy – Science News Centennial Rich – Diverse variola virus (smallpox) strains were widespread in northern Europe in the Viking Age Vincent – Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes (and commentary)

Matt – Clinical evidence that the pandemic from 1889 to 1891 commonly called the Russian flu might have been an earlier coronavirus pandemic Brigitte – The Obscure Virus Club Justin – Eddie Holmes wins Prime Minister's Prize for Science

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #87, Dr. Griffin reviews PCR cycle threshold and RNA copy number, rapid antigen tests, hospitalization rate after infection or vaccination, allergies and vaccination, community transmission and viral RNA load, early treatment with sotrovimab, meta-analysis of tocilizumab treatment, antibiotic overuse, and guidelines on the use of anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• CDC vaccine nod to 5-11 year olds (CDC)
• Sensitivity of rapid antigen tests (Front Micro)
• COVID-19 among infected or vaccinated (MMWR)
• Allergy and vaccination symptoms (JAMA)
• Community transmission and viral RNA load (Lancet)
• Early treatment with sotrovimab (NEJM)
• Tocilizumab treatment meta-analysis (Leukemia)
• Antibiotic overuse in COVID-19 (Am J Trop Med Hyg)
• Anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis (Blood Adv)
• Letters read on TWiV 826
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

In this special live-streamed episode of TWiV, Dr. Daniel Griffin fields questions on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 from listeners.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV explores the properties of the spike glycoproteins of an influenza B virus discovered in the Wuhan spiny eel, and protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection one year after mRNA-1273 vaccination of nonhuman primates.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

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• HA and NA of Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus (Nat Comm)
• Protection one year after mRNA-1273 vaccination (bioRxiv)
• Letters read on TWiV 824
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Best of Gilda Radner Brianne – This polio survivor is one of the last still relying on an iron lung Rich – WHO Announces Proposed Members of its Scientific Advisory Group for the Origins of Novel Pathogens (SAGO); (members) Vincent – Discovery of mRNA (paper one and two)

Doris – History of smallpox and smallpox vaccine Judith – How the immune system works

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #86, Dr. Griffin discusses virologic features of infection in children, antibody tests should not be used to asses level of protection, test-to-stay programs in schools, FDA authorizes Moderna boosters, results of TOGETHER trial for fluvoxamine, statins and 28 day mortality, and cognitive function in patients.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• 115,000 healthcare worker deaths (Stat News)
• Virology features of infection in children (J Inf Dis)
• Antibody tests not for assessing protection (FDA)
• Infections in vaccinated healthcare workers (NEJM)
• Flawed science of antibody testing (JAMA)
• Test-to-stay in school (US News)
• Vaccination and non-COVID mortality risk (MMWR)
• EUA for Moderna booster (FDA)
• Fact sheet for use of casirivimab and imdevimab (FDA)
• Effect of early treatment with fluvoxamine (Lancet)
• Statins and 28-day mortality (J Inf Dis)
• Cognitive function after COVID-19 (JAMA)
• Routine vaccination coverage worldwide (MMWR)
• Letters read on TWiV 823
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Rich reviews the history of smallpox and the discovery of variola viral genomes in ancient DNA from human remains throughout Northern Europe, which pushes back the earliest date of smallpox virus infection to ~600–1050 CE, overlapping the Viking Age.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• Variola virus genomes from Viking era (Science)
• Hidden history of ancient plagues (Nature)
• Was smallpox a mild disease? (Science)
• Smallpox: Ten years gone (Am J Pub Health)
• Myth of the milkmaid (NEJM)
• Interview with DA Henderson (ASM)
• Letters read on TWiV 822
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – The Animal Kingdom is Full of Genetic Screwballs Kathy – Science dresses, accessories from Svaha and Rosalind Franklin's DNA diffraction dress Rich – The Saxon Stories Alan – Cincinnati's "Old Cunny," and audiobook version Vincent – Infectious QBeta viral DNA

Jeff – The unvaccinated may not be who you think

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

A TWiV trio reveal the isolation of novel paramyxoviruses from rodents and bats in Arizona, and isolation of naive B cells from seronegative donors that produce germline encoded antibodies which engage the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern, and related sarbecoviruses from bats.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

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• Bat and rodent paramyxoviruses from Arizona (J Viral)
• Naive B cells engage SARS-CoV-2 RBD (Science Immunol)
• Vincent interviews Philip Sharp (ASM)
• Letters read on TWiV 821
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – Apod: The Dolphin Head Nebula Rich – The Tree That Could Help Stop The Pandemic; Elucidating the Mechanisms of Action of Saponin-Derived Adjuvants Vincent – Discovery of RNA splicing in Sharp and Roberts laboratories

Jason – Home Assistant Alena – VirusCraft

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #85, Dr. Griffin reviews cases and deaths by vaccination status, mRNA vaccine effectiveness in 12-18 year olds, standard and extended dosing of mRNA vaccines, immune responses after vaccination, Moderna booster dose approved, giving monoclonals at home, no benefit from colchicine, and IFN does not help remdesivir.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Guidelines on COVID-19 drugs (WHO)
• Holiday celebrations (CDC)
• COVID-19 cases and deaths by vaccination status (CDC)
• Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA Vaccination 12-18 years (MMWR)
• Rollout of vaccines for 5-11 year olds (WaPo)
• Standard and extended dosing mRNA vaccine (Cell)
• Differential kinetics immune responses after vaccination (NEJM)
• Moderna booster dose approved (FDA)
• Vertically transferred maternal immune cells (Nat Comm)
• Giving monoclonals at home (JAMA)
• No benefit from colchicine (Lancet)
• IFN does not help remdesivir (Lancet)
• Letters read on TWiV 820
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV explains how remdesivir inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase: the drug is incorporated into the growing RNA chain and causes synthesis to stall when the drug clashes with an amino acid in the active site.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler

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• How remdesivir stalls the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase (Nat Comm)
• Movie of polymerase stalling (Nat Comm)
• Second mechanism of remdesivir inhibition (J Biol Chem)
• Watson Crick molecular model (Science Museum Group)
• Letters read on TWiV 819
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Kathy – Great Lakes Science Center, Cleveland Rich – How to Temporarily Disable Your Keyboard with a Keyboard Shortcut in Windows Alan – How to Make a Slave and Other Essays by Jerald Walker Vincent – A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid

Steve – How the immune system actually works Lise – Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

The TWiVers review phase 3 efficacy and safety results for the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, effects on the neonatal immune system caused by maternal infection with SARS-CoV-2, and NHC, the metabolite of molnupiravir, causes mutations in cellular DNA.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• Efficacy and safety of Novavax vaccine (medRxiv)
• A floret of spikes with Matt Frieman (TWiV 729)
• Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection affects neonatal immunity (Nat Immunol)
• NHC is mutagenic in mammalian cells (J Inf Dis)
• Coding for catastrophe (Nat Struct Mol Biol)
• Molnupiravir development (Nature)
• Letters read on TWiV 818
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – John Clease Brianne – Astronomy Picture of the Day: Swirl in the Southern Sky Kathy – Lise Meitner Statue is at the Humboldt University Rich – Google has the cleanest cloud. Now it's helping other companies go green Vincent – Discovery of reverse transcriptase by Baltimore and Temin

Sam – Air Travel Packing List Justin – PFAS: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver and EPA targets greenhouse emissions

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #84, Dr. Griffin discusses childrens' antibody response to vaccination, phase 3 results of Novavax vaccine, heterologous vaccination, antithrombotic therapy, EUA for molnupiravir, phase 3 results of AZD7442, serum ferritin levels and outcomes, heparin therapy, and WHO strategy for global vaccination.

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• Antibody profiles after mRNA vaccination in children (bioRxiv)
• Novavax vaccine phase 3 results (medRxiv)
• Heterologous vaccine boosters (medRxiv)
• Antithrombotic therapy outcomes (JAMA)
• Molnupiravir EUA submitted (Merck)
• AZD7442 phase 3 results (AstraZeneca)
• Serum ferritin levels and disease outcome (JAMA)
• Heparin efficacy (JAMA)
• WHO strategy to vaccinate world (WHO)
• Letters read on TWiV 817
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees

Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

David Tuller returns to TWiV to revisit his work to expose the methodological and ethical problems with the PACE trial, and the post-acute sequelae to SARS-CoV-2 infection, also known as long COVID.

Host: Vincent Racaniello

Guest: David Tuller

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• Call me David Tuller (TWiV Special)
• David writes at virology blog
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Moshe and Ivet join TWiV to discuss their finding that MIS-C is a consequence of a superantigen in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 that causes activation of a skewed population of T cell receptor bearing lymphocytes, leading to hyperinflammation.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit and Kathy Spindler

Guests: Moshe Arditi and Ivet Behar

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• MIS-C in US children (NEJM)
• Superantigen in spike and T cell skewing in MIS-C (PNAS)
• MIS-C mimics toxic shock syndrome (J Allergy Clin Immunol)
• Antibody against bacterial superantigen blocks SARS-CoV-2 entry (Structure)
• Autoimmune signature of MIS-C in children (J Clin Invest)
• HLA1 associated T cell expansion in MIS-C (J Clin Invest)
• Passing of Bill Wold (one, two)
• Letters read on TWiV 815
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Mel Brooks Kathy – Dickson's art show at Fordham Rich – Saildrone captures footage from inside Hurricane Sam Vincent – A Shot to Save the World: The Inside Story of the Life-or-Death Race for a COVID-19 Vaccine by Gregory Zuckerman

Kathryn – Project Drawdown and the book Charles – Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #83, Daniel Griffin discusses upcoming FDA discussions on vaccines, strategies to prevent transmission at youth camps, outbreaks at summer camps, impact of vaccination on transmission, AZD7442 request for EUA filed, EUA issued for home antigen test, phase 3 data on AZD1222 vaccine, 6 month effectiveness of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, estimates of durability of immunity against reinfection, Molnupiravir interim results, optimal time for monoclonal antibody infusion, IVIG plus Infliximab for MIS-C, and effect of vaccination on long COVID.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Preventing transmission at camps (MMWR)
• Outbreaks at summer camps (MMWR)
• Impact of vaccination on transmission (medRxiv)
• AZD7442 request for FDA EUA (AstraZeneca)
• FDA EUA for home antigen test (FDA)
• Phase 3 results AZD1222 vaccine (NEJM)
• 6 month effectiveness BNT1`62b2 vaccine (Lancet)
• Durability of immunity vs reinfection (Lancet)
• Molnupiravir interim results (Merck)
• Optimal time for mAb therapy (Inf Dis Advisor)
• IVIG plus Infliximab for MIS-C (Pediatrics)
• Effect of vaccination on long COVID (Lancet preprint)
• Letters read on TWiV 814
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

From the 2021 online meeting of the European Society for Clinical Virology, Vincent speaks with meeting speakers on COVID-19 vaccines, immunity, how countries responded to the pandemic, and how to prepare for the next one.

Host: Vincent Racaniello

Guests: Sarah Gilbert, Florian Krammer, Fausto Baldanti, Thea Fischer, Ron Fouchier, and Catherine Moore

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• Correlate of protection needed for COVID-19 vaccines (Nat Med)
• Simian adenoviruses as vaccine vectors (Future Viral)
• Early SARS-CoV-2 spread in Lombardy (Nat Comm)
• SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Denmark (Clin Micro Inf)
• SARS-CoV-2 testing in an academic center (Nat Biotech)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

TWiV considers lessons learned from COVID-19 about emergency drug use during a pandemic, and selection of AAV capsids to produce vectors that efficiently deliver genes to muscle cells.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit and Brianne Barker

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Links for this episode

• Emergency drug use during a pandemic (Cell)
• Muscle-directed AAV capsids (Cell)
• Designer AAV muscles up (Cell)
• Letters read on TWiV 812
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

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In COVID-19 clinical update #82, Daniel Griffin reviews vaccines for 5-12 years old, safety of a third vaccine dose, Oklahoma reinfection data, Regencov outcomes, Pfizer protease inhibitor, impact of Tocilizumab, and incidence of long COVID.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Data on Pfizer-BioNTech in 5-12 year olds (Pfizer)
• Safety of additional vaccine dose (MMWR)
• Oklahoma reinfection rates (OK DOH)
• Regencov outcomes (NEJM)
• Pfizer protease inhibitor trial (Pfizer)
• WHO recommends antibody therapy (Hosp Health)
• Tocilizumab use in hospitalized patients (Resp Care)
• Long COVID (PLoS Medicine)
• Letters read on TWiV 811
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews how a novel technology enabled development of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, and discovery of a proton gradient and an incomplete TCA cycle in a giant. virus.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• mRNA vaccines, a novel technology (Cell)
• Proton gradient in giant virus (ISME J)
• Tomograms of Pandoravirus massiliensis
• Pandoraviruses are not alive (virology blog)
• Letters read on TWiV 810
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – PhD Comics: Words Said By No Academic Ever Kathy – Bach Cello Suite #1 visualization Rich – Hypnagogia Vincent – Landsat 9 and Wiki

Lori – Project Hail Mary by Andy Weir Kevin – Oak Savannahs

Intro music is by Ronald Jenke Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

TWiV reveals isolation from bats in Laos of a SARS-CoV-2 like virus with a spike protein that allows entry into human cells, and exploration of a herpesvirus vector for immunization of vampire bats against rabies virus.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit and Amy Rosenfeld

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• SARS-CoV-2 like viruses from Laotian bats (Res Sq)
• Herpesvirus in rabies endemic vampire bats (Nat Comm)
• Letters read on TWiV 809
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – George Carlin: "Stuff" Amy – The best of me by David Sedaris Rich – You could have a secret twin (but not the way you think) Alan – Nuclear powered Gameboy Vincent – No, Vaccinated People Are Not 'Just as Likely' to Spread the Coronavirus as Unvaccinated People by Craig Spencer

Michael – The tangled history mRNA vaccines Fernando – 1493 by Charles Mann

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #81, Daniel Griffin discusses vaccine boosters, vaccination during pregnancy, mRNA vaccine comparison, J&J vaccine booster, EUA expansion for Lilly monoclonals, remdesivir reduces risk of hospitalization, and anticoagulation regimens.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Pfizer phase III results in 5-11 year olds (Pfizer)
• FDA authorizes booster (FDA)
• V-safe vaccine pregnancy registry (CDC)
• High antibody levels in cord blood (Am J Ob Gyn)
• mRNA vaccines compared (MMWR)
• Effectiveness of single shot J&J (medRxiv)
• J&J booster results (J&J)
• EUA expansion for Lilly mAbs (Lilly)
• Remdesivir reduces hospitalization risk (Gilead)
• DisCoVeRy on Remdesivir (Lancet)
• Prophylactic anticoagulant dosing (Eur Heart J)
• Letters read on TWiV 808
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Chadi and Caroline join TWiV to describe the potential epidemiological and evolutionary impacts of vaccine nationalism, and their modeling which emphasizes the importance of rapid equitable vaccine distribution for global control of the pandemic.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit and Brianne Barker

Guests: Chadi Saad-Roy and Caroline Wagner

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• Vaccine nationalism and control of the pandemic (Science)
• Vaccine sharing app
• Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 simulation
• Dynamics of vaccination simulation
• Vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization (MMWR)
• Letters read on TWiV 807
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Ernie Kovaks-Nairobi Trio Brianne – XKCD Summarizes this Episode Rich – Texas Coronavirus Antibody REsponse Survey (CARES) (Dashboard) Vincent – Elmer Pfefferkorn

Catherine – A Life on Our Planet Attila – How to improve your chances of nudging the vaccine hesitant away from hesitancy and toward vaccinationIntro music is by Ronald Jenke Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #80, Daniel Griffin reviews infections in children, masking, testing to limit transmission, high barrier for monoclonal antibody escape, are boosters needed, use of steroids, grants for long COVID, and how the pandemic unfolds in Africa.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Hospitalization pre- and post-vaccines (Res Sq)
• Infection in children (medRxiv)
• Updated mask guidance (CDC)
• Transmission to masked and unmasked (MMWR)
• Daily testing in schools (Lancet)
• High barrier to mAb escape (bioRxiv)
• Boosters not needed (Lancet)
• Distribution system for mAbs (HHS)
• Steroids in non-oxygen requiring patients (Int J Med)
• Grants for long COVID (NIH)
• Genomic surveillance in Africa (Science)
• Letters read on TWiV 806
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

The TWiVotopes review current evidence which does not show the need for widespread COVID-19 booster vaccination, and results of experiments to examine the replication and immune evasion of the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• ASV Vaccine Town Halls
• Vaccine boosters not needed (Lancet)
• Delta variant replication and immune evasion (Nature)
• Epidemiologically linked COVID-19 outbreaks (MMWR)
• Letters read on TWiV 805
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – Sloan Foundation Theater Kathy – COVID vaccines work, even if you don't have side effects lay article primary article Rich – Science Alone Can't Heal a Sick Society by Jay S. Kaufman Vincent – Sandra Black SciArt

Ruth – Radio Lento podcast

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Virus hunter Mya Breitbart joins TWiV to describe her laboratory's work on viruses in spiders, insects, millipedes, freshwater springs, seawater, plants, human feces and much more.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Dickson Despommier

Guest: Mya Breitbart

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• Viruses of spinybacked orbweavers (J Gen Virol)
• Viruses of terrestrial arthropods (PeerJ)
• Pepper mild mottle virus in sewage (PLoS Path)
• Environmental DNA in marine community (Nat Comm)
• Viral community of freshwater springs (mBio)
• Phage puppet masters in the oceans (Nat Micro)
• Letters read on TWiV 804
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Official-Droodles-Home Alan – The 31st First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony video (and the text version) Vincent – Biden's federal and business vaccine mandates

Anonymous – The Ivermectin Episode – Behind the Bastards

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #79, Daniel Griffin discusses clinical management guidelines, ER visits and hospitalization among children, infection and vaccine induced seroprevalence in the US, antibodies in Kenyan blood donors, infections after vaccination, anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis, baracitinib efficacy, long-term symptoms in adults, and sustained symptoms after severe disease.

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• Overlooked shortcomings of observational studies (Op For Inf Dis)
• Guidelines for clinical management (Op For Inf Dis)
• ER visits and hospitalization among children (MMWR)
• Hospitalization of adolescents (MMWR)
• Seroprevalence in the US (JAMA)
• Seroprevalence in Kenya (JAMA)
• Infections after vaccine (medRxiv)
• Israel data dashboard
• Guidelines on anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis (Blood Adv)
• Baricitinib efficacy (Lancet)
• Long term symptoms, US adults (MMWR)
• Severe disease associated with long term symptoms (medRxiv)
• Letters read on TWiV 803
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees

Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Shane Crotty returns to TWiV to review the immunology of COVID-19, including differences between infection and vaccination, increased breadth of antibodies after infection followed by vaccination, the roles of T cells, and whether booster vaccinations are needed.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Shane Crotty

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• ASV Vaccine Town Halls
• SARS-CoV-2 immune memory 8 months post-infection (Science)
• SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes (Cell Host Microbe)
• Letters read on TWiV 802
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – How the cat gets its stripes Kathy – Kurzgesagt on Giruses (giant viruses) and beautiful APOD Rich – The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire; Triangle: The Fire That Changed America by David Von Drehle Vincent – Two Top F.D.A. Vaccine Regulators Are Set to Depart During a Crucial Period

Debby – River Runner Lin – Your Vaccinated Immune System Is Ready for Breakthroughs

Intro music is by Ronald Je Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

The meteorologicomaniacs discuss the COVID-19 pandemic global death toll, effectiveness of vaccines against the delta variant, and how analysis of ancient viral DNA reveals that two pathogenic human viruses were brought into Mexico during the transatlantic slave trade.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

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• ASV Vaccine Town Halls
• COVID-19 excess mortality (eLife)
• Tracking pandemic death toll (eLife)
• COVID-19 vaccines and delta variant (NEJM)
• Slave trade carries viruses into Mexico (eLife)
• Letters read on TWiV 801
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Victor Borge, Phonetic Punctuation Brianne – Cat TV Rich – Cochrane review: Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19 Alan – Cockpit video of flying into Oshkosh Vincent – Medical News Network Morning Medical Update

Jody – Human Body Theatre and Plagues: The Microscopic Battlefield

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #78, Daniel Griffin covers ivermectin, convalescent plasma, disease in pregnant women, children and COVID, delta outbreak in an elementary school, validation of at-home antigen test, shedding in infected vaccinated people, mRNA vaccine antibody responses compared, AZD7442, fluvoxamine, one year outcomes in hospitalized patients, and post-vaccination disease.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Do not take veterinary ivermectin (FDA)
• Ivermectin side effects (CDC)
• Do not use convalescent plasma (IDSA)
• COVID-19 in pregnant women (JAMA)
• Children and COVID-19 data (AAP)
• Long COVID in 11-17 year olds (Res Square)
• Delta outbreak elementary school (MMWR)
• Validation of at-home antigen test (JAMA)
• Shedding in infected vaccinated people (medRxiv)
• Compared antibody responses after mRNA vaccination
• (JAMA)
• AZD7442 PROVENT phase III (AZ)
• Fluvoxamine trial (medRxiv)
• One-year outcomes hospital survivors (Lancet)
• Post-vaccination illness (Lancet)
• Letters read on TWiV 800
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews models for determining correlates of neutralizing antibody protection against COVID-19, and for identifying key vector and host species that drive transmission of zoonotic pathogens.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• Correlate of protection needed for COVID-19 vaccines (Nat Med)
• Neutralizing antibodies predict protection against symptomatic COVID-19 (Nat Med)
• Host and vector importance for Ross River virus (eLife)
• Coronavirus in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count (NY Times)
• Letters read on TWiV 799
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – A microscopic video shows the coronavirus on the rampage Kathy – Sabin Oral Sundays in Cuyahoga County, 1962 Rich – The Continuing COVID-19 Pandemic: Current Issues and Glimpse Into the Future Vincent – Demand Surges for Deworming Drug for Covid, Despite Scant Evidence It Works

Ronald – Immunity to COVID-19 could last longer than you'd think Agnes – Space Shuttle Prints

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

The TWiV team explains what the Biden report on SARS-CoV-2 origins did not: evidence that the virus came from Nature, not a lab; and reveals new coronaviruses in rodents that inhabit populated areas in southern China.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler

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• Biden preliminary report on virus origins (NY Times)
• Window on SARS-CoV-2 origins closing (Nature)
• WHO Committee members on TWiV 760
• Origins of SARS-CoV-2 review (Cell)
• Comirnaty? Really Pfizer? (FDA)
• Why the weird name for Pfizer vaccine (Quartz)
• US vaccine names (CDC)
• More coronaviruses from rodents in China (J Viral)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – The Brilliant Abyss by Helen Scales Kathy – Solar System ball drop Rich – Dr. Fox effect Alan – Patty Wagstaff virtual airshow cockpit video Vincent – Office Hours

Karen – The Dog Will See You Now Alicia – Bio-Rad GTCA Song

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #77, Daniel Griffin discusses children becoming increasingly infected, virological characteristics of infections in vaccinated health care workers, transmission dynamics among close contacts, licensing of Pfizer mRNA vaccine, cost of hospitalization of unvaccinated patients, 29 times higher hospitalization rates in unvaccinated patients, boost in neutralizing antibody potency and breadth by third vaccine dose, and use of J&J vaccine as second dose.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• COVID-19 false dichotomies (BMC Inf Dis)
• Virological characteristics of infections (medRxiv)
• Transmission among close contacts (JAMA)
• Comirnaty licensed (FDA)
• Cost of hospitalization of unvaccinated (Health Sys Tracker)
• 29 times higher hospitalization among unvaccinated (MMWR)
• Third dose boosts antibody potency and breadth (medRxiv)
• J&J second dose (J&J)
• Letters read on TWiV 797
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Paul and Theodora return to TWiV to explain their research on determining the number of neutralizing epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike that are recognized by antibodies, and engineering of a polymutant spike with twenty amino acid changes that demonstrates the high genetic barrier to escape from convalescent serum.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

Guests: Paul Bieniasz and Theodora Hatiziiouannou

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• High genetic barrier for SARS-CoV-2 antibody escape (bioRxiv)
• Enhanced antibody one year after COVID-19 (Nature)
• Letters read on TWiV 796
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – NIF and Photon Science: fusion reaction generates 1.3 MJ Brianne – The PCR Song Rich – 1) How Boston Dynamics' Spot Robot Works! 2) Inside the lab: How does Atlas work?3) Atlas | Partners in Parkour Theodora – Kevin Parry turning into random objects Vincent – Lex Fridman

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #76, Daniel Griffin covers association of age and pediatric household transmission, rapid antigen testing in remote communities, shedding of infectious virus in vaccinated individuals, FDA amendment of mRNA vaccine EUA to allow a third dose, new vaccine mandate for NY state, full vaccination suppresses selection of variants, effectiveness of mRNA vaccines in nursing homes, sustained effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against hospitalization, and no benefit from early convalescent serum in high-risk outpatients.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Age and pediatric household transmission (JAMA)
• Rapid antigen testing in remote communities (MMWR)
• Shedding of infectious virus from vaccinated individuals (medRxiv)
• Additional vaccine doses for immunocompromised (FDA)
• New vaccine mandate for New York (NYS)
• Vaccination suppresses variant emergence (medRxiv)
• mRNA vaccine effectiveness in nursing homes (MMWR)
• Effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against hospitalization (MMWR)
• mRNA vaccine sustained effectiveness against hospitalization (MMWR)
• No benefit of convalescent plasma for high-risk outpatients (NEJM)
• Letters read on TWiV 795
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV summarizes cases of arbovirus disease during 2019 in the US, and explains a study that estimates infectiousness throughout the SARS-CoV-2 course of infection.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

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• Vaccine Town Halls (ASV)
• Arboviral illness, US, 2019 (MMWR)
• Estimating SARS-CoV-2 infectiousness (Science)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Climate Reports | United Nations Brianne – Astronomy Picture of the Day: A Perfect Spiral Rich – COVID-19 false dichotomies Alan – Fixing broken machines Vincent – MKBHD Studio Tour 2021

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #75, Daniel Griffin reviews vaccine effectiveness against transmission, modeling effectiveness of daily antigen tests, updated CDC guidance for fully vaccinated, risk of infection with time after mRNA vaccination, reduced risk of infection after vaccination, therapeutic anticoagulants in critically ill patients, and 6 month outcomes in hospitalized patients.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Vaccine effectiveness against transmission (Euro Surveill)
• Effectiveness of daily antigen tests (medRxiv)
• Interim guidance for fully vaccinated people (CDC)
• Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and reinfection (medRxiv)
• Reduced risk of infection after vaccination (MMWR)
• Therapeutic anticoagulants in critically ill patients (NEJM)
• 6 month outcomes in hospitalized patients (J Gen Int Med)
• Letters read on TWiV 793
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Jeffrey Shaman returns to TWiV to explain how epidemiologists measure SARS-CoV-2 movement among humans, including calculation of the reproductive index, secondary transmission, and what factors affect transmission.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Jeffrey Shaman

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• A guide to R (Nature)
• Epidemiology of three SARS-CoV-2 VOC (medRxiv)
• Impact of delta variant in India (medRxiv)
• Letters read on TWiV 792
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – The Social Lives of Giraffes Kathy – Saturn's Iapetus, moon in 3-D Vincent – Arkansas Governor Wants To Reverse A Law That Forbids Schools To Require Masks

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews SARS-CoV-2 infection of wild white-tailed deer in the US, mRNA vaccine-mediated protection by spike-specific T cells before detection of neutralizing antibodies, and recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection in T-cell depleted rhesus macaques.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

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• SARS-CoV-2 in wild deer (bioRxiv)
• Rapid T cell induction by mRNA vaccine (Nature)
• T cell depleted macaques recover from SARS-CoV-2 infection (mBio)
• Letters read on TWiV 791
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Virgin Hyperloop shows off the future Brianne – BioNumbers Rich – Advice will evolve as COVID situation changes Alan – Mars Perseverance-themed geocaching swag Vincent – Mattel's Barbie Turns Women Of Science, Including COVID Vaccine Developer, Into Dolls

Nancy – Vaccines at a Party Jeff – How to Survive a Plague, Part 2

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #74, Daniel Griffin covers infections in vaccinated individuals, expansion of Regeneron monoclonal antibody cocktail for prophylaxis, neutralization of variants by antibodies produced by infection or vaccination, longer hospital stays associated with remdesivir treatment, and post-acute sequelae of infection and impact on quality of life 1-6 months after illness.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Outbreak in Barnstable County, MA (MMWR)
• Kinetics of delta variant infections (medRxiv)
• Prophlaxis with Regeneron mAbs (Regeneron)
• Subcutaneous mAbs to prevent COVID-19 (NEJM)
• Variant neutralization by infection or vaccine antibodies (Clin Inf Dis)
• Remdesivir associated with longer hospital stays (JAMA)
• Post-acute sequelae (Op For Inf Dis)
• Letters read on TWiV 790
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews a leaked CDC document on virulence and spread of the delta variant, and how anti-alphavirus antibodies that do not neutralize infection can nevertheless protect mice from disease.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• NYC first to require vaccination proof (Reuters)
• Leaked internal CDC document (WaPo)
• Manuscripts on increased virulence (one, two, three)
• Disease protection by non-neutralizing antibodies (Cell)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – Nobel Prize Games Kathy – Snail sensors Rich – In Shock: My Journey from Death to Recovery and the Redemptive Power of Hope by Rana Awdish Vincent – The Provincetown Covid data is actually good news (if you are vaccinated) and I Was the Architect of Operation Warp Speed. I Have a Message for All Americans.

Jake – NASA spinoff Peter – Bernard, the Extraordinary Moth

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Kiran joins TWiV to discuss the findings of a team at Columbia University Medical Center on COVID-19 neuropathology, and the conclusion that SARS-CoV-2 does not reproduce in the central nervous system.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Kiran Thakur

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• COVID-19 neuropathology (Brain)
• Infections in vaccinated people (MMWR)
• Infections in vaccinated people (NEJM)
• Letters read on TWiV 788
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Simone Biles and Suni Lee Brianne – How Speed and Distance Dictate the Way Olympians Run Rich – CDC reversal on indoor masking prompts experts to ask, 'Where's the data?' Vincent – Paul and the Mosquitos

Lin – Your Vaccinated Immune System is Ready For Breakthroughs

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #73, Daniel Griffin reviews updated mask guidance from CDC, infections in public school district employees, effectiveness of vaccines against delta variant, antibody response after third vaccine dose in kidney transplant recipients, protection afforded by mRNA vaccines fully vaccinated people with and without prior infections, correlates of protection in nonhuman primates, lack of effectiveness of doxycycline, neurological manifestations of COVID-19, and infection in vaccinated health care workers.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Updated mask guidance (CDC)
• Infections in public school district employees (MMWR)
• 10% of positive kids need hospitalization (Houston Chronicle)
• Effectiveness of vaccines vs delta variant (NEJM)
• Antibody response after third vaccine dose (JAMA)
• Severe COVID-19 in kidney transplant patients (Kidney Intl)
• mRNA vaccine protection with or without prior infection (medRxiv)
• Doxycycline ineffective (Lancet)
• Neurological manifestations (Lancet)
• Infections in vaccinated health care workers (NEJM)
• Letters read on TWiV 787
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv