This Week in Virology

TWiVsters review off-season epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus in Australia after easing of COVID-19 restrictions, and impaired innate immune responses in upper respiratory tract cells from patients with severe COVID-19.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• Off-season RSV in Australia (medRxiv)
• Impaired innate immunity in severe COVID-19 (Cell)
• Letters read on TWiV 786
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – The Science of Swimming Kathy – Talking to the vaccine hesitant and covidactnow.org Rich – The Disinformation Dozen | Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH on wiki) Vincent – Russia discards Pirs docking port to clear way for new space station module (IG post)

April – Pemberton Aviation (Facebook, YouTube)

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In this special episode, Daniel Griffin answers listener questions on COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine misinformation, long COVID, masking and distancing, school safety, and much more.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Letters read on TWiV 785
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Moriah and Joseph join the nearly complete TWiV team to discuss their work on genetic variation and adaptability in herpes simplex virus, and how rotavirus infection disrupts intracellular calcium homeostasis. Live streamed during the 2021 annual meeting of the American Society for Virology.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker

Guests: Joseph Hyzer and Moriah Szpara

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• Diversity of HSV2 in neonates (mSphere)
• Genome of HSV1 from multiple sites in one person (J Inf Dis)
• Rotavirus disrupts calcium homeostasis (mBio)
• Rotavirus protein activates calcium sensor (J Virol)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Inside of Mars is not like Earth Brianne – AlphaFold Rich – Tesla motors Alan – Diving for antique beer Vincent – Dolly Parton Tried. But Tennessee Is Squandering a Miracle

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #72, Daniel Griffin covers long term symptoms in children, outcomes for MIS-C, recent guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics, a large well traced outbreak of delta variant, low dose mRNA vaccination generates durable T cell memory and antibodies, protective immunity in recovered patients, assessment of BinaxNOW, no effect of oral azithromycin, post-discharge symptoms in Nigeria, and therapeutics for low and middle income countries.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Long COVID in children (JAMA)
• Outcomes after MIS-C (Pediatrics)
• Guidance for school opening (Amer Acad Ped)
• Infection in well traced delta outbreak (medRxiv)
• Immune memory 8 months post-infection (Science)
• Low dose mRNA vaccine enhances T cells (medRxiv)
• Protection after infection (Lancet)
• Assessment of BinaxNOW (Sci Rep)
• Rapid POC antigen tests (Cochrane Rev)
• Oral azithromycin ineffective (JAMA)
• Post discharge symptoms in Nigeria (AJTMH)
• Therapeutics for low and middle income countries (AJTMH)
• Letters read on TWiV 783
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

On this episode, broadening of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA vaccine booster to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, five-fold underestimation of the number of cases in the US during the first six months of the pandemic, and a monoclonal antibody that broadly neutralizes many different sarbecoviruses.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Amy Rosenfeld

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• Immune responses after heterologous COVID-19 vaccine boost (Nat Med)
• Undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infections in US (Sci Transl Med)
• Broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus antibody (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

The Team with Invincible Values discusses whether dogs or cats passively carry SARS-CoV-2 on hair and foot pads, maternal to fetal transfer of antibodies in infected or vaccinated pregnant women, and evidence that retroviruses infected cetaceans before and after they moved into the oceans.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker

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• SARS-CoV-2 on dogs and cats (Viruses)
• Maternal to neonatal transfer of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (J Clin Investîmes)
• Retroviral evolution in cetaceans and their ancestors (Plos Path(
• Letters read on TWiV 781
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Current Map | U.S. Drought Monitor Brianne – A comic strip about immune responses Alan – Superliminal game Vincent – Birds are dying in NJ

2listening1 – Renewal Em – Cognitive Surplus

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #71, Daniel Griffin reviews updated school and child care guidance from CDC, transmission in schools, accuracy of lateral flow assays, update to J&J/Janssen vaccine EUA to include GBS, interim immunogenicity of Ad.26.CoV2.s, effectiveness of mRNA vaccines to prevent hospitalization, Bamlanivimab plus Etesevimab for mild or moderate disease, and a meta-analysis of ivermectin results.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• School and child care guidance (CDC)
• Transmission in schools (CDC)
• Accuracy of lateral flow diagnostics (Lancet)
• GBS with Ad.26.CoV2.s vaccine (FDA)
• Ad.26.CoV2.s interim immunogenicity (NEJM)
• mRNA vaccine effectiveness to prevent hospitalization (medRxiv)
• Bamlanivimab plus Etesevimab (NEJM)
• Meta-analysis of ivermectin studies (Clin Inf Dis)
• Letters read on TWiV 780
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews evidence that COVID-19 mRNA vaccination of both uninfected and previously infected persons elicits cross-variant neutralizing antibodies, and directed evolution of a bacterial protein to form a virus-like capsid that specifically packages its encoding mRNA.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker

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• mRNA vaccine boosts cross-variant neutralizing Ab (Science)
• mRNA vaccine boosts variant B and T cell responses (Science)
• Directed evolution of virus-like nucleocapsid (Science)
• Letters read on TWiV 779
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – The Science of Chocolate Chip Cookies Alan – Keeping Black students in STEM Vincent – Antiviral Program for Pandemics

Mark – Curator on the Loose, Classic Airliners and Vintage Pop Culture, Flying Men, Flying Machines, Thai Flying Club

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #70, Daniel Griffin discusses efficacy of portable air cleaners, vaccine induced serum neutralizing antibodies against variants, prevention and attenuation of disease with mRNA vaccines, ivermectin to prevent hospitalization, IL-6 antagonists and mortality, and impact of vaccination on long COVID.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Efficacy of portable air cleaners (MMWR)
• Ad26.COV2.S elicited neutralization of variants (bioRxiv)
• Prevention of COVID-19 with mRNA vaccines (NEJM)
• Ivermectin to prevent hospitalization (BMC Inf Dis)
• IL-6 antagonists and mortality (JAMA)
• Impact of vaccination on long COVID (Lancet)
• Letters read on TWiV 778
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Ron Fouchier explains why increased transmission of SARS-CoV-2-variants has not been demonstrated, and their ability to displace ancestral variants is due to greater fitness, much like influenza virus antigenic variation leads to better fitness and replacement of previously circulating variants.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Ron Fouchier

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• Ron Fouchier on TWiV 177, 291, 557
• Mutations driving H5N1 airborne transmission in ferrets (Cell)
• SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 transmission among ferrets (Nat Comm)
• Avian influenza virus transmission among seals (Cell Host Micr)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – The Science News Cycle Kathy – mRNA Day Kariko & Weissman lectures and Q&A Vincent – Just Planes

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews an analysis of animal sales from Wuhan wet markets before the COVID-19 pandemic, control of dengue by release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, and fatal dengue acquired in Florida.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker

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• Animal sales from Wuhan markets before COVID-19 (Sci Rep)
• Dengue control by Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes (NEJM)
• Fatal dengue in Florida (NEJM)
• Letters read on TWiV 776
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – You Know You've Worked Too Long in a Lab When… Alan – Massachusetts vaccine lottery Vincent – Coonhound paralysis

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #69, Daniel Griffin covers effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against the delta variant, depression among public health workers, correlates of protection against asymptomatic and symptomatic infection, BNT162b2 in ChAdOx-1-S primed individuals, prior infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants after vaccination, effect of vaccination on household transmission, germinal responses induced by mRNA vaccines, phase 3 results of Novavax vaccine, and long COVID as our next national health disaster.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Worry about human behavior, not variants (NY Times)
• Moderna and Pfizer vaccines vs delta variant
• Depression among public health workers (MMWR)
• Correlates of protection (medRxiv)
• mRNA vaccine in AZ recipients (Lancet)
• Prior infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants (Science)
• Effect of vaccination on household transmission (NEJM)
• mRNA vaccines induce germinal responses (Nature)
• Novavax vaccine phase 3 results (NEJM)
• EUA for tocilizumab (FDA)
• Long COVID, next national health disaster (NEJM)
• Letters read on TWiV 775
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Kristian Andersen and Robert Garry join TWiV to discuss recovery of deleted deep sequencing data from early in the Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, and whether they shed light on the early phase of the outbreak.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

Guests: Kristian Andersen and Robert Garry

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• Andersen laboratory
• Recovery of deleted deep sequencing data (bioRxiv)
• Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets (Sci Rep)
• Danielle Anderson on Wuhan Lab (Bloomberg)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Kathy – STEVE over Copper Harbor, MI Vincent – Human Behavior During the Pandemic Is More Important Than Any Covid Variant

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Laurie Garrett, author of The Coming Plague, joins TWiV for a wide-ranging discussion of infectious disease and public health, including emerging infections, the role of wildlife markets in spillovers, and missteps in handling the COVID-19 pandemic.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Laurie Garrett

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• Lauriegarrett.com
• The Coming Plague
• Betrayal of Trust
• Trump sabotaged coronavirus response (Foreign Policy)
• ASV Vaccine Town Hall
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – A Pivotal Mosquito Experiment Could Not Have Gone Better Kathy – Microbiology at the Movies Vincent – When a Good Scientist Is the Wrong Source

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #68, Daniel Griffin discusses children acquiring infection at birthday parties, immunogenicity of vaccines in solid organ transplant patients, reinfection rates in recovered patients, lack of efficacy of azithromycin, bacterial and fungal infections in hospitalized patients, effect of monoclonal antibody treatment on clinical outcomes of ambulatory patients, and reduction in mortality of hospitalized patients treated with remedesivir.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• COVID-19 and birthday parties (JAMA)
• Vaccines in transplant patients (Ann Int Med)
• Reinfection of recovered patients (Clin Inf Dis)
• Azithromycin lack of efficacy (Rev Med Virol)
• Bacterial and fungal infections in hospitalized patients (Op For Inf Dis)
• mAb treatment of ambulatory patients (Op For Inf Dis)
• Remdesivir reduction of mortality (Gilead)
• Letters read on TWiV 772
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

A TWiV trio reveals the 100 million year old history of bornavirus infections hidden as EVEs in vertebrate genomes, and identification of novel bat coronaviruses that provide evolutionary insight into the origins of SARS-CoV-2.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Amy Rosenfeld

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• ASV Vaccine Town Hall 2:05
• 100 million year old bornavirus infections (PNAS)
• Bornaviruses across geological timescales (PNAS)
• Bornaviruses previously on TWiV 303, 347, 548
• Novel bat SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses (Cell)
• Letters read on TWiV 771
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Amy – A relic from the Jurassic era Alan – World of Wonders, by Aimee Nezhukumatathil Vincent – Tom Buck's YouTube Channel

Victor – Vaccines: A measured response

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #67, Daniel Griffin reviews antibodies to the virus early in the US, serology testing of blood donations, MIS-C in children under 21, myocarditis in competitive athletes, ER visits for suspected suicide attempts, delta variant in Scotland, Novavax vaccine phase 3 results, vaccine coverage in pregnant women, early monoclonal administration reduces hospitalization and mortality, casirivimab and imdevimab recovery trial results, and CDC guidance on postacute sequelae.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Antiviral antibodies early in US outbreak (CID)
• Serologic testing of US blood donations (CID)
• The virus, what went wrong (PBS)
• MIS-C in children (JAMA)
• Myocarditis in competitive athletes (JAMA)
• ER visits for suspected suicide (MMWR)
• Delta variant in Scotland (Lancet)
• Novavax phase 3 results (Novavax)
• Vaccine coverage in pregnant women (MMWR)
• Early mAb reduces hospitalization and mortality (CID)
• Regen-Cov trial results (Regeneron)
• Guidance on postacute sequelae (CDC)
• Letters read on TWiV 770
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

On this episode of TWiV, Novavax COVID-19 vaccine demonstrates 90% overall efficacy, preventing an antigenically disruptive change during growth of influenza virus vaccine in chicken eggs, and MIS-C is driven by loss of the gut mucosal barrier.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

Click arrow to play Download TWiV 769 (68 MB .mp3, 114 min) Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email

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• ASV Vaccine Town Hall 2:05
• Novavax vaccine efficacy reported (Novavax)
• H3N2 glycosylation in eggs (TWiV 480)
• Preventing antigenically disruptive HA change in eggs (Cell Host Micr)
• MIS-C due to leaky gut (J Clin Invest)
• Letters read on TWiV 769
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – Pandemics for Babies, Germ Theory for Babies, and Vaccines for Babies Kathy – Playing with Time Vincent – A Top Virologist in China, at Center of a Pandemic Storm, Speaks Out

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TWiV describes how human behavior, not increased transmissibility, led to increased spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant throughout Europe in summer 2020, and nanobodies from camelid mice and llamas that efficiently neutralize variants of concern.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker

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• ASV Vaccine Town Hall
• Spread of SARS-CoV-2 variant in summer 2020 (Nature)
• Nanobodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants (Nature)
• Letters read on TWiV 768
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Hotel Magdalena Brianne – Antibody Song by Raven the Science Maven Alan – How to play Magic: the Gathering Vincent – Steve Gibson's rant on Security Now

David – Coronavirus set to mu

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In COVID-19 clinical update #66, Daniel Griffin covers treatment guidelines from IDSA, hospitalization of adolescents, estimating epidemiological dynamics from viral load distributions, incidence of infection according to baseline antibody status, assessment of reinfection in Italy, need for vaccination in previously infected individuals, assessment of protection against reinfection, antimicrobial use in hospitalized patients, effect of single dose ivermectin, and a trial of aspirin in hospitalized patients.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• COVID-19 treatment guidelines (IDSA)
• Hospitalization of adolescents (MMWR)
• Estimating dynamics from viral load (Science)
• Incidence according to antibody status (Lancet)
• Reinfections in Italy (JAMA)
• Need for vaccination in previously infected (medRxiv)
• Assessment of protection against reinfection (ACC)
• Antimicrobial use in hospitalized patients (Lancet)
• Effect of single dose ivermectin (Viruses)
• Aspirin in hospitalized patients (medRxiv)
• Letters read on TWiV 767
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

David joins TWiV to relate how his near-death experience with Castleman's disease motivated him to found the Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory and the CORONA project to identify and track all treatments reported for COVID-19 in an open-source data repository.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

Guest: David Fajgenbaum

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• CORONA project
• Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory
• Castleman Disease Collaborative Network
• Chasing My Cure
• Letters read on TWiV 766
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – How Giraffes Beat High Blood Pressure Kathy – Orangutan optical illusion Vincent – Two quotes from Chasing My Cure by David Fajgenbaum

John Paul II: Dear young people, whether you are believers or not, accept the call to be virtuous. This means being strong within, having a big heart, being rich in the highest sentiments, bold in the truth, courageous in freedom, constant in responsibility, generous in love, invincible in hope.

David: Never stop questioning and always follow the data.

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews the new nomenclature for SARS-CoV-2 variants, effectiveness of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine against variants, modified Moderna vaccine against variants, impact of COVID-19 interventions on influenza in China and the US, and binding of RaTG13 spike protein to ACE2 of multiple species.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

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• Updated nomenclature of SARS-CoV-2 variants (WHO)
• Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine effective against alpha variants (Lancet)
• Novavax vaccine effective against beta variants (NEJM)
• Moderna updated vaccine against beta and gamma variants (medRxiv)
• Impact of COVID-19 interventions against influenza (Nat Comm)
• RaTG13 spike binding to various ACE2 proteins (Cell)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – NASA's Juno to Get a Close Look at Jupiter's Moon Ganymede Brianne – Send in the Bugs. The Michelangelos Need Cleaning. Rich – All landers and rovers on Mars animated in video with human scale Alan – Weird case cluster reported in MMWR 40 years ago; update on disease Vincent – Virus isolates, strains, variants – what are they?

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #65, Daniel Griffin summarizes effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions, updated summer camp guidance from CDC, serology testing not recommended by FDA, antigen tests during a music event, inhibition of vaccine immunogenicity by methotrexate, phase 3 trial results for colchicine, and small airway disease as a post-acute sequelae.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Effects of vaccines and NPIs (JAMA)
• Guidance on summer camps (CDC)
• Antibody testing not recommended (FDA)
• Antigen testing at a music event (Lancet)
• Methotrexate and vaccine immunogenicity (Ann Rheum Dis)
• Colchicine phase 3 results (Lancet Resp Med)
• Small airway disease a post-acute sequelae (medRxiv)
• Letters read on TWiV 764
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV explains how cap-snatching, the priming of viral mRNA synthesis with fragments of host mRNAs, can lead to the synthesis of novel viral proteins.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler

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• Cap-snatching makes new ORFs (Cell)
• Cap-snatching leads to novel proteins (Cell)
• Letters read on TWiV 763
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Kathy – Flat pasta that turns into shapes here and here Rich – Ad Fontes Media Bias Chart (wiki) Vincent – Martin Beck police mysteries

Greg – Stewart Lee on Loch Ness monster

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Robert Garry joins TWiV to explain how the molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2 shows that it came from Nature and not a lab, including the receptor binding domain, the furin cleavage site, and the two lineages circulating in Wuhan wildlife markets.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Robert Garry

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• The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 (Nature)
• Two early genome lineages in Wuhan markets (virological.org)
• Insights from spike proteins of bat sarbecoviruses (virological.org)
• Letters read on TWiV 762
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – 143 Optical Illusions and Visual Phenomena Brianne – The Arcane Research that Prepared Us for COVID-19 Rich – Hidden Brain podcast Alan – A scientific theory of gist communication Vincent – Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers

Jon – Moderna Science Day

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Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Guidance on child camps and day care (NY State)
• Mitigation and schools (medRxiv)
• Masks in elementary schools (MMWR)
• Testing to sustain in person instruction (MMWR)
• TeenCOVE results (Moderna)
• Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine handling and storage (CDC)
• EUA for sotrovimab (FDA)
• Illness duration in UK schoolchildren (medRxiv)
• Letters read on TWiV 761
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Peter Daszak, Thea Kølsen Fischer, and Marion Koopmans, members of the WHO team investigating the origins of SARS-CoV-2 join TWiV to explain the work done by the committee during phase one, their conclusions, and the extent of work that remains to be done in phase two.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler

Guests: Peter Daszak, Thea Kølsen Fischer, and Marion Koopmans

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• Peter on TWiV 615, 623
• Thea on TWiV 576
• Marion on TWiV 413, 548
• WHO report on origins of SARS-CoV-2
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Kathy – My Octopus Teacher Rich – John Wyndam classic Sci Fi: The Chrysalids, The Day of the Triffids Vincent – SARS-CoV-2 Phylogeny and Spatiotemporal Spread (paper)

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

TWiV examines spillovers of porcine and canine coronaviruses into humans in Haiti and Malaysia, and how antigenic evolution of measles virus is constrained by multiple co-dominant epitopes on the viral glycoproteins.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Amy Rosenfeld

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• ASV vaccine town halls 15:10
• Porcine deltacoronavirus in Haitian children (medRxiv)
• Canine coronavirus from Malaysian pneumonia patient (Clin Inf Dis)
• No shift, measles (TWiV 340)
• The Cancer Thief (TWiV
• Letters read on TWiV 759
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Ants: workers of the world Amy – Let The Record Show by Sarah Schulman Rich – QAnon resembles the games I design Alan – Librivox Vincent – Stratechery

Fernando – The 60-year old scientific screwup that helped COVID kill

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In COVID-19 clinical update #63, Daniel Griffin reviews cases at child care facilities, estimates of mRNA vaccine effectiveness, risk of reinfection in university students, enhanced antibody generation with extended interval of mRNA vaccination, no benefit of convalescent plasma in hospitalized patients, and risk of clinical sequelae after acute infection.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• COVID-19 in child care facilities (MMWR)
• mRNA vaccine effectiveness (MMWR)
• Excelsior pass (NYS)
• Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in university students (CID)
• Enhanced antibody production with longer mRNA vaccine interval (medRxiv)
• Convalescent plasma trial in hospitalized patients (Lancet)
• Phase 3 data on REGEN-COV (PR Newswire)
• Clinical sequelae after acute COVID-19 (BMJ)
• Letters read on TWiV 758
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV reveals that 2% of SARS-CoV-2−positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in a college campus, and a nanoparticle vaccine that induces cross-reactive immunity against multiple pandemic and pre-emergent coronaviruses.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• ASV vaccine town halls
• 2% of SARS-CoV-2 positives carry most viral RNA (PNAS)
• Pan-coronavirus nanoparticle vaccine (Nature)
• Why HIV-1 particles have few spikes (PLoS Path)
• Letters read on TWiV 757
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – Darwin's Arch Collapses Kathy – The woman who discovered the first coronavirus Rich – "Richard Feynman: The pleasure of finding things out" Vincent – CORONA Project

JH – Fungus kills cicadas Alan – Liftoff by Eric Berger

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TWiV returns to the 2012 brouhaha over transmission experiments with avian H5N1 influenza virus, re-examines the claim of SARS-CoV-2 RNA integration into human DNA, and reviews the engineering and testing of a genetically stable version of the attenuated type 2 Sabin poliovirus vaccine.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Amy Rosenfeld

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• ASV vaccine town halls 3:16
• First smallpox vaccine day
• Revised masking and distancing (CDC)
• Science vs Spin (Sandman)
• Artifactual SARS-CoV-2 integration (PNAS)
• SARS-CoV-2 integration is artifactual (J Virol)
• Engineering new OPV2 (Cell Host Micr)
• Safety and immunogenicity of nOPV2 (Lancet)
• Poliopolis (Lancet)
• Letters read on TWiV 756
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Five Deeps Amy – Premonition by Michael Lewis Alan – The Secret Life of Groceries by Benjamin Lorr Rich – The Way Ferrofluid Floats Above a Superconductor Is Unreal Vincent – Threading the NEIDL

Iradis – SN15 Launch and Landing Blue Pilgrim – Howland Garden Tools

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In COVID-19 clinical update #62, Daniel Griffin covers outdoor transmission of the virus, safe use of NSAIDS, expansion of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine to include 12-15 year olds, post-disease Mucormycosis, and hydroxychloroquine treatment associated with increased mortality.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Moderna vaccine safe, effective in teens (AAP news)
• Review of outdoor transmission (JID)
• Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine EUA 12-15 year olds (FDA)
• NSAIDS safe in COVID-19 (Lancet Rheum)
• Post-COVID black fungus (Laryngol Otol)
• HCQ and increased mortality (Nat Comm)
• Letters read on TWiV 755
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV discusses the finding that the envelope (E) protein of SARS-CoV-2 is sensed by toll-like receptor 2 on cells, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines that cause damage to cells and tissues in COVID-19.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• ASV vaccine town halls
• Michelson Prizes
• FDA authorizes Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA vaccine for adolescents (FDA)
• TLR2 senses SARS-CoV-2 E protein (Nat Imm)
• Review on CoV E protein (Virology J)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – Lab.Hacks Lab Assistant App Rich – Weird viral DNA spills secrets to biologists; COVAX Kathy – Planet Earth Now Vincent – Variants at ViralZone

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TWiV revisits Brazil's rejection of Sputnik vaccine, examines influenza transmission via the air from the nasal epithelium of ferrets, and a history of accidental releases of polioviruses and their relevance for eradication of poliomyelitis.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

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• ASV vaccine town halls
• Sputnik Light
• Ferret airborne transmission of influenza virus (Nat Comm)
• Facility releases of poliovirus (Emerg Inf Dis)
• Polio eradication progress (Polio Erad Init)
• Letters read on TWiV 753
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Exotic mantis Brianne – Types of Scientific Paper Alan – Rusty Lake Games / Cube Escape Collection Rich – The Departed Could Soon Become Compost in Colorado; Recompose (wiki) Vincent – Public Health Image Library

Ivan – Apollo 11: As They Shot It

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In COVID-19 clinical update #61, Daniel Griffin reviews a modeling of future hospitalizations and deaths by vaccination rates and non pharmaceutical intervention scenarios, performance evaluation of rapid antigen tests, children making up a growing share of new cases, antibody response to mRNA vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients, and outcomes in hospitalized patients treated with tocilizumab.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Modeling future COVID-19 cases (MMWR)
• Performance of rapid antigen tests (Ann Int Med)
• Children are growing share of infections (AAP News)
• Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients (Lancet)
• Letters read on TWiV 752
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

TWiV examines the claim by Brazil's ANVISA that the Sputnik vaccine contains replication-competent adenovirus, and a role for the furin cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike for efficient reproduction in the respiratory tract, evasion of antiviral IFITM proteins, and transmission in ferrets.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler

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• ASV vaccine town halls
• Brazil rejects Gamaleya vaccine (Sci Transl Med)
• Russian vaccine behavior (Sci Transl Med)
• Is Gamaleya vaccine safe? (Science)
• Furin cleavage site in replication and transmission (Nat Micro)
• Furin site loss attenuates pathogenesis (Nature)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Rich – The diversity and function of sourdough starter microbiomes; Dunn Lab Wild Sourdough Project Kathy – ISS, Crew Dragon, and the sun Doubly warped world of binary black holes Vincent – Mr. Labman

Joy – Abandoned America: Matthew Christopher's Autopsy of the American Dream

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The TWiVmeisters discuss how copy-back defective viral genomes might modulate the clinical outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection, and detection of antibodies to henipa- and filo-like viruses in Trinidad bats.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler

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• Vaccine education town halls (ASV)
• RSV cpDVG may influence clinical outcome (Nat Micro)
• Henipa- and filo-like viruses in Trinidad bats (J Inf Dis)
• Nice image of cpDVG generation
• Letters read on TWiV 750
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Olympus Image of the Year Award Alan – We need to improve the welfare of life science trainees Rich – Sheldrick Wildlife Trust; The Reteti Elephant Sanctuary Kathy – Aria Code Nessun dorma podcast Vincent – Covariants

Justin – How Pfizer Makes Its Covid-19 Vaccine

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In COVID-19 clinical update #60, Daniel Griffin summarizes CDC guidance for summer camps, how to protect yourself when fully vaccinated, updated recommendation for J&J vaccine, declining global case fatality rate, and characterization of post-acute sequelae.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Summer camp guidance (CDC)
• Protect yourself when fully vaccinated (CDC)
• Updated recommendation on J&J vaccine (MMWR)
• NY variant B1.526 (one, two)
• Declining global CFR (AJTMH)
• Protease inhibitor in phase I (Pfizer)
• Molnupiravir advances (Merck)
• Post acute sequelae (Nature)
• Letters read on TWiV 749
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

A TWiV trio explains a method for sequencing single genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and its use to explore in-host evolution drive by antibody responses, and incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19 patients and vaccine recipients.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, and Brianne Barker

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• In-host SARS-CoV-2 evolution drive by antibody (PLoS Path)
• COVID-19 and CVT (OSF)
• CoronaVac underperforms (Economist)
• Precision Vaccines Program postdoc position
• Letters read on TWiV 748
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – Show Your Immune System Some Love Alan – Cyborg sea turtle Vincent – Thomas Brock dies

April – The High Line Michel – Why you can't compare Covid-19 vaccines

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Daniel Griffin discusses a front-line health care worker survey, pre-exposure seropositivity and subsequent infection in healthy young adults, fitted filtration efficiency of double masking, BinaxNow rapid in-home antigen test, postvaccination infections in a nursing facility, safety of mRNA vaccine in pregnant women, case control study of Bamlanivimab, no evidence for brain infection in patients with neurolgical symptoms, and mortality among US patients hospitalized with COVID-19.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Healthcare worker survey (KFF)
• Seropositivity and infection risk in young adults (Lancet)
• Efficiency of double masking (JAMA)
• BinaxNow antigen test (Abbott)
• mRNA vaccine safety in pregnant persons (NEJM)
• Bamlanivimab case control study (CID)
• COVID-19 neuropathology (Brain)
• Mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients (JAMA)
• Letters read on TWiV 747
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

Team TWiV explains how alphaviruses like Western equine encephalitis virus cross into the brain from capillaries by caveolin-mediated transcytosis, and reveal scientists' incentives and attitudes towards public communication.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• Viral brain entry by transcytosis across endothelial cells (mBio)
• Scientists attitudes towards public communication (PNAS)
• Letters read on TWiV 746
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – NASA ingenuity helicopter ride Brianne – Vaccine Efficacy Animation Kathy – Airglow over the Azores Vincent – Gisaid

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Nadine Lamberski joins TWiV to discuss an outbreak of COVID-19 among gorillas at the San Diego Zoo, and the use of a spike protein-based vaccine to immunize the animals.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Nadine Lamberski

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• Gorillas receive COVID-19 vaccine (Nat Geo)
• COVID-19 vaccine for great apes and mink (Zoetis)
• Letters read on TWiV 745
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – The Dream Vaccine Alan – Taking vaccines to Smith Island Kathy – Daily Overviews Subscribe Tulips Vincent – Nextstrain

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #58, Daniel Griffin provides the latest update on the J&J vaccine pause, healthcare worker deaths, children and COVID, physical inactivity associated with higher risk, using monoclonal antibodies for prophylaxis, and shows us how to properly wear a face mask.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Healthcare worker deaths (Guardian)
• Children and adolescent disease severity (JAMA)
• Physical inactivity and increased disease risk (BMJ)
• Expansion of Pfizer/BioNTech EUA (pdf)
• Thrombosis after ChAdOX1 vaccine (NEJM)
• Your guide to masks (CDC)
• Phase 3 mAb prevention trial (Regeneron)
• Letters read on TWiV 744
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

The TWiVsters explain how the shape of pleomorphic virus particles – spherical or filamentous – determines the probability of virus attachment and fusion, and resistance to selective pressure such as antibodies that block cell entry.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Amy Rosenfeld

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• Pleomorphic virus particles and cell entry (Nat Micro)
• Letters read on TWiV 743
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – A tiny particle's wobble could upend the laws of physics Rich – COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2: Viruses, Vaccines & Variants Made Easy Amy – Vaccine Anthems Vincent – DarkNet Diaries Ep. 86

Steve – Cover Your Freakin' Face

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

TWiV reviews a drug screen for inhibitors of syncytium formation, the fusing of cells caused by SARS-CoV-2, which reveals that the process is regulated by a calcium-activated ion channel and scramblase that is inhibited by the anti-parasite drug Niclosamide.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

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• TMEM16 inhibitors block SARS-CoV-2 driven syncytium formation (Nature)
• Letters read on TWiV 742
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – COVID-19: a disaster five years in the making Alan – The Tyranny of Merit Rich – Racism Makes Me Question Everything. I Got the Vaccine Anyway Kathy – The Transcontinental Burrito Tunnel Vincent – Trudy Rey's YouTube Channel

Jeff – Rebecca Lee Smith on Left Right and Center Ryan – Perfect Strangers (clip)

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #57, Daniel Griffin covers children and MIS-C, school opening plans, transmission event with masks, fomite transmission, diagnostic test performance, AZ vaccine and blood clots, and long COVID and the effect of vaccines.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Children with MIS-C (JAMA)
• Transmission with masks (Op For Inf Dis)
• Accuracy of diagnostic tests (J Clin Micro)
• Long COVID in hospitalized patients (BMJ)
• Neurological and psychiatric outcomes of COVID-19 (medRxiv)
• Letters read on TWiV 741
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

The Guardians of the TWiV-o-verse discuss the process of codon deoptimization for the production of experimental infectious attenuated viral vaccines, and how a respiratory syncytial virus with 619 base changes was rescued by genomes with very large internal deletions.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, Kathy Spindler, and Brianne Barker

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• NIDO 2021 Symposium
• ASV hosts free COVID-19 Vaccine Education Town Halls (register here)
• Research position in Spindler laboratory
• Attenuation of poliovirus by codon deoptimization (Science)
• Rescue of codon-deoptimized RSV by large deletions (PNAS)
• Letters read on TWiV 740
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – Let us now praise tiny ants Brianne – Small-school science Rich – Smallpox 'virus squads' and the mandatory vaccinations upheld by the Supreme Court Kathy – The Transcontinental Burrito Tunnel Vincent – Glass music by Robert Tiso

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Arturo Casadevall joins TWiV to discuss the use of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19, including a history of the process, how plasma is prepared and tested, why it is difficult to conduct randomized clinical trials, how this treatment has fared and his hopes for the future.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Brianne Barker

Guest: Arturo Casadevall

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• Victory for Scientific Pragmatism (New Atlantis)
• Convalescent plasma levels and risk of COVID-19 death (NEJM)
• COVID-19 convalescent plasma safety indicators (JCI)
• COVID-19 convalescent plasma reduces mortality (medRxiv)
• Pfizer mRNA vaccine in 12-15 year olds (Pfizer)
• NIDO 2021 Symposium
• ASV hosts free COVID-19 Vaccine Education Town Halls (register here)
• Letters read on TWiV 739
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Brianne – The Ocean's Youngest Monsters Are Ready for Glamour Shots Alan – 7 Billion Humans Rich – 15 Fascinating Animal X-Rays From the Oregon Zoo Vincent – Respiratory pathogen trends

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

In COVID-19 clinical update #56, Daniel Griffin note increasing hospitalization in children and young adults, Pfizer vaccine efficacy results in 12-15 year olds, rapid self administered nucleic acid and antigen tests, mRNA vaccine efficacy in real world conditions, and improvement of long COVID after vaccination.

Hosts: Daniel Griffin and Vincent Racaniello

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• Pfizer mRNA vaccine is 100% effective in 12-15 year olds (Pfizer)
• Cue at-home PCR test receives FDA EUA (Cue)
• DxTerity COVID-19 saliva nucleic acid at-home test (Amazon)
• T-Detect T cell test (T-Detect)
• GSK submits EUA for VIR-7831 (GSK)
• Letters read on TWiV 738
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your questions for Dr. Griffin to daniel@microbe.tv

John, Monica, and Davida join TWiV to discuss development of a method to detect SARS-CoV-2 in raw sewage from all 14 of New York City's treatment plants, and its use to determine the presence of the genome throughout the pandemic and detection of genome mutations from variants of concern.

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler

Guest: John Dennehy, Davida Smyth, and Monica Trujillo

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• Protocol for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater (medRxiv)
• Mutations from VOC in NYC wastewater (medRxiv)
• WHO report on COVID-19 origins (pdf)
• Effectiveness of mRNA vaccines at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection (MMWR)
• Prothrombic thrombocytopenic disorder after AZ vaccine (Res Square)
• NIDO 2021 Symposium 1:12:02
• Postdoctoral position at Towson University 1:15:08
• ASV hosts free COVID-19 Vaccine Education Town Halls (register here)
• Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks!

Dickson – 250,000 Dominoes Brianne – Using RT-PCR in COVID-19 Testing Rich – Beaded Lacewings Can Take Down Six Termites With A Single Fart Kathy – Tracking the COVID code Vincent – Administering vaccines to adults

Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv